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PRESIDIO of MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA 


PyCCKHM 


EBArAPCKH 


- (s/~70 5 


CPnCKO-XPBATCKH 

POLSKI 



■p da 

CONVERSATION 

&! =*. 

^ uu 




SHQIP 

FOR 

CESKY 


BEGINNERS 


MAGYAR 

EAAHNIKA 




H * 


t* i 




TURKCE 

MAY 1951 

ESPANOL 




PORTUGUES 


FRANgAIS 


24 


'b* 






ROMANA 


SVENSKA 




DANSK 


NORSK 


PERSIAN 


ITALIANO 

LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT 

DEUTSCH 


r _ i 































































■y 

y 

■> 

* % 




INTRODUCTION 



This book has been especially designed and prepared to 
teach spoken Persian and a practical working knowledge of the 
language* which will enable anyone almost immediately to use 
many useful sentences and phrases. Great care has been taken 
in choosing the most common, and useful phrases and sentences 
in the practical every-day language of common life. 

The course begins with short sentences made from a simple 
verb with words fifty percent of which are of international 
nature* '‘-And some are akin to English words. Words having 
strange and unfamiliar sounds to new students are as much as 
possible avoided at first. Gradually new but similar sentences 
are added and principles of grammai.introduced to the extent 
of helping to clarify the construction of sentences. But the 
important feature of this course lies in the fact that through 
constant practice and repetition, the student will master what 
has been taught to him gradually. 

Throughout the whole course special use has been made 
of sequence training, "snowballing,” and particularly what 
may be called "multiple combination pattern" sentences. This 
last form will help the student to make sometimes hundreds 
of similar sentences out of one pattern, and so approach the 
goal of fluency and thinking in the rersian language. 

First, the method is based on dialogues, to which, as 
soon as possible, some dramatic interest is given. Secondly, 



the use of plays, however short and matter-of-fact, should 
make the learning of Persian seem more like play than work. 
Whether it does or not will depend largely on the teacher— 
on the pitch of his voice, the smile on his face, the zest 
in his bearing, or that 'human* touch that can transform 
a dreary alternation of question and answer into a bright 
end cheery conversation exercise. Of course, the industry, 
enthusiasm, and eagerness on the part of the student is 
taken for granted. 


LESSON I 


Present tense of the verb "tc have”: 


S I N U 

L a R 

P 

L U R a L 

r jlj 

I have 

r- ,J 

we have 

jl J 

you have 

X jl J 

you have 

Jjl J 

he, she it has 

dJj J J 

they have 


Note that the various verb-endings are used to indi¬ 
cate the persons„ The Personal Pronouns, I, you, he, etc., 
are used only when necessary for clearness or emphasis. It 
would be better for the student to learn to conjugate the 
verbs without these personal pronouns. 

Vocabulary: 



face 


foot, leg 

t-J 

lip 


coat 

X J 

tooth 


cigarette(s) 

3 A 

eyebrow 


cinema 

4 J l>- 

chin 


film 

T 

hair 

x. j L 

radio 

J# 

ear 


telephone 

v." -»«* J> 

hand, arm 

St* 

table, desk 

jA 

upper arm 


officer 

T?J' 

elbow 


trousers 


1 






.America 

jL* j 

wall 


automobile 


mouse 

Cri~^ 

car, machine 


class 

v r 

water 

oW 

Iran 


gas 

J 

and 


Repeat the following sentences. Then make as many similar 
sentences as you can. 


J* 



0 !o; j 


I have a face. 
I have lips. 

I have teeth, 
etc. 



You 

have 

a face. 


v - 1 

You 

have 

lips. 


0 Iu;j 

You 

have 

teeth. 



etc, 




j J Ij c.^ 

He, 

she, 

it has 

a face 

•Jj ^ l -J 

He, 

she, 

it has 

lips. 

J J * J o * J - ; J 

He, 

she, 

it has 

teeth. 


etc, 





’^jlj CLj j-a 
wL-jl J 

kLj I J ^ I JL <J 


2 


We have faces. 
You have lips. 
They have teeth 


jji j v r i 

jjl j c £ I 

ul/i* 

J ./£• U~^ 

J ur** J 

Jj I J crS* 

jji j (jib j j-« ^ys 

Jj I j U< l>> » j ^JLt L5u ^41 

I J J \j j v ^iJS J J**-«J? ^ J+\ 

J J * J ^ J O * JJ J J ur^ 


The car has water. 

The officer has a coat. 

Iran has radios. 

The classroom has tables. 

The wall has mice. 

The mice have ears. 

The classroom has tables and 
telephones. 

America has films and movies, 

America has cars, telephones 
and radios. 

a mouse has ears, teeth and 
legs. 


Note that o* x ’ J may mean a tooth, the tooth, or teeth in 
general. So are other nouns. 

' Accent: 

The main accent in Persian always falls on the final 
syllable except in the case of verbs and a few adverbs, etc. 
For further details refer to Modern Persian Grammar, ALS 
Text-book. 


- 3 - 



LESSON II 




The interrogative has the same form as a statement. The 
difference is in the tone of the voice: 


Examples : 


fJ lj C.jya 

I have a face. 

l£j 1 

You have a face. 

f 1 J 

Co you have a face? 


Co you have money? 

f JL J <L> 

What do you have? 

f JL jl J 

What do you have? 

f J ,J 

I have teeth. 


I have lips. 

f J • J 

I have a face. 

r-> ,J 

I have a chin. 

f ftj* J 

What do we have? 

^ j 1 j cr Xs' 

We have classes. 

fij lj ^ 

We have coats. 

fiJ* J * 

We have automobiles. 

fi j ^ J Jt J l> 

We have radios. 

f Jjlj 4^ otrr*y ^ 

What does the car have? 

CrJ-r 

The automobile has gas. 

jj i o r 

(It) has water. 

i j ^ jij 

(It) has radio. 


4 




Vocabulary 



what 

J J 

door 


restaurant 

J JK k J Ij 

radiator 

J** 

hotel 

J k(^**^ 

baseball 

J Lpy 

football 


battery 

*i\S 

cafe 

J-* 

money 


today 

oIm 5 

Teheran 

J>Lkl 

room 

j!jk 

bazaar 

LjjkJ \S 

California 


bus 

J^i. ^ 

else, other 

C>k J 

tongue,language 

** 

clutch 


chalk 

jl* 

garage 

4C>S 

board 

oljJLt 

telegram 


window 

jl JU 

pencil 

Jk 

volleyball 

vks' 

book 

vl»?“ 

socks,stockings 


paper 


tire 


Exercises: 


jtiS % « « 

J-* 9 9 9 

« Jjj I J J**' ^ 

. U^*V ^ 0 9 0 


vbs* 


r jj I j *j>- 


\£j+\ 

J-?** 5 * 

jU*l 


5 




. Jjl J 


CrJ~. 

v r 

dLa-V 
yt J L> 




j 


Jhr*y^ 

y J L 

JlK 

u~yjp * 


J^y 

• fiJ* J 


jyy' 


* J ^ 


^j 1 J 


<~r 




c-bT 




f a- jl j *->- 


f jl. jl j *j>- jLj 

4 J.* 

* I j 


What else do you have? 


The inseparable possessive adjectives are; 


f 1 

my 

o»- 

our 

C.I 

your ( thy ) 

o<= 

your 

u^ 

his, her, its 

0 Li 

their 


- 6 - 




Example : 

j.jlju my pencil 

c. jl a. your ( thy ) pencil 

^pjlju his, her, its pencil 

Exercise: 

« Jj I J JI j I 

Q sij I >J i —• ^ |j I 

• J j ^ J ck jy ^ 
* I j b o I 
» J j J ^bJL^I 
o >Jj I J i l l ^ Lt-1 I 
« Jj I J <|J» U=> ^ 
a Jjj I J ^ ^ 

• jji j j j 
a Jj ^ J 315” 

» I J ^ jlj jj k J L > ‘*y I 
a ^ J lw » >br 

? I J <-> bJu_ I 

? X- j I J 

4 f. J o*^J J-J^ 
J J 'i _j ^ ^JLw-aj? I 

* ^ J Jj* b 


jU j) ai* our pencil 
jbjlo* your pencil 
0 Ltjlx their pencil 


My car has a radio. 

Your car has water. 

His (her) car has gas. 

Our car has a battery. 

Your car has doors. 

Their car has tires. 

My room has windows. 

Your car has a clutch. 

His garage has a door. 

Our class has desks. 

Your car has a radio. 

Their class has boards. 

What does your car have ? 
Ho you have baseball today? 
Today we have volleyball. 
My car has radio, tires, 
clutch and a radiator. 


7 




LESSON III 


Adjectives are generally placed after the nouns which they 
qualify* But the noun must always he followed by the short vowel 
sound (^) called " ezafeh",( this in reality is a contraction 
of the word jl meaning " of n . This vowel sound, however, 

is never written ; as, for instance : 



the Persian class 

J-* 

your money 


a good book 

jiyl 

their chaxiffeur 

JL ^JLJ 

a bad ( poor ) film 


If a noun ends in a vowel sound the consonant "y" ^ 

must be inserted between it and the " ezafeh " sign, for the sake 
of euphony. However if the word ends in a mute "h" ( 4 ) , or a 


"y” 

the extra s 

will not be written , 

but pronounced 

Examples: 

y 

hair 

( ) py 

but heir 

>L> 

knee 

( y \j 

your knee 


eyebrow 

) ur-i. 

his eyebrow 

i. 

foot 


large foot 

y. 

radio 

<S y J l j 

a good radio 

4j\S 

cafe 

( j ) otf 

a small cafe 


bettery 

^ 

a bad battery 


- 8 - 

/' 



? US' 


is 


Uwl 

UjI 


here 


Exercises: 


where? 


C o-J 

U J there 


l L>s" 


U cm 1 

0 CmW I U ,^1 

C or x. J b 
•<=-' U J 

.1 US' ^fcobS" 
-I UoJ r bS 
.c_l Uol 
.c„l Uj 


O-J 




or 


Cm 

• \ ^ o r 

.C_l ci- J 

• t —-I 0 J aoo J 

y or.' 

y c ■ ** i L>>s" j 

. I J J (_/•*- J L 

fG_«J Us^ ,jI j-£> 

o W j J oI h? 


J 


br.p“ 

l 


CrJ 


.r 

Urn -«• O 1 


Where is the radio? 
The radio is here. 
It is here. 

The radio is there. 
It is there. 

Where is your book? 
My book is here. 

It is here. 

It is there. 

What is this? 

This is an ear. 

What is that? 

That is a car. 

That is a coat. 

That is a chair. 

This is hair. 

Where is Paris? 
Paris is in France. 
Where is Teheran? 
Teheran is in Iran. 
This book is good. 
That table is large. 


9 



crJ 


aC—I ^ 

fc-l US' 

»c«*»I UJ y^jU^ 


What is this? 

This is my hair. 

Where is the Persian class? 
The Persian class is here. 


»c—*1 U~J 

( It ) is 

here. 

fC.<» 1 US' l>~*“J 

Where is 

class? 

the Persian : 

^ U-^J L u 0 L j ys 

The Persian language 1 

here. 

o Vl.t Ul, i 

( It ) is 

here. 

fc-i us\,. ^xi ^ur 

Where is ] 

Mr. X 0 ....? 


r 1 


tU Uf 

ol 

jl ju 

*c-J Uwl 

oil 


. c^m i U; r 

O 1 * 

o~:L 


ob 



o 1 - 


The Personal Pronouns are 

as follows 

: 

O* I 

u 

we 

i 5 you ( thou ) 

Ui 

you 


or 


he, she 
it 


O^J 

ok 1 


they 

they 


10 


Vocabulary : 





Persian 

ur 

V.T . 


English 


chauffeur 

f US' 

where? 


good 

C-l 

is 

Ju 

bad 

Uwl 

here 

tc-f 

What is . 0 

u,r 

there 

<*• 

this 

j j 

in, door 


that 

-•) r i 

name 

U J JJu? 

chair 


big, large, great 

u-jJ 

address 

jS' 

small, little 

0 ur 

Germany 


11 



LESSON IV 


English negative statements are formed with the auxiliary 
verb "to do". It is said : I do not have. In Persian such an 
auxiliary verb is not used. They simply say: I not have. A (o ) 
followed by the vowel sound ( ' ) must be prefixed to the verb. 
The accent always falls on this negative prefix. 


fj' 

JJ 

1 do not have. ( 

JL‘ 

JJ 

You do not have. 

Jjl 

JJ 

He, she, it does 

r~>' 

JJ 

We do not have. 


JJ 

You do not have. 

Xj 1 

JJ 

They do not have 


The word for "no” is *j and for M yes" 


f <1* 

* fj* J J-* ^ 

f JL jl J bi 
a ^ j I J C-» bS *Ju 
f JL J l J I 

» J ^ ^ 


Do you have money? 

Yes, I have money. 

Do you have a book? 

Yes, 1 have a book. 

Do you have a car? 

Yes, I have a car. 

No, 1 do not have a car. 


Direct questions are introduced either by an interrogative 
pronoun, adjective, or ajiyerb^.as ru . 


f jljIj 4 ^ What do you have? ( What have you? ) pronoun 


12 


r ^1 What is this? pronoun 

? c«J bcS' J-. Where is the trouble? adverb 

Or by the particle ir 

which in most cases is equivalent 
to the English "do, does, did". Of course, questions can be asked, 
as we have already seen, without the help of this word, but this 
word is usually inserted to give an interrogative force to the sen¬ 
tence . 

Examples; 



f J* 

( Do ) 

you have money? 


r x j i j l r 

Do you 

have money? 


f Jj 1 J *y> 1 

( Does 

) he have a car? 


f i J 1 Lf 

Does he have a car? 


t jl ji j c. ts l r 

Do you 

have books? 


« p j 1 j Cm <L 

Yes, I 

have books. 


* ** 

No, I have no books. 

Vocabulary: 




ClP 

train 

cJt* 

cutlet 


box car 

V>~ 

soup 


station 

j jL 

mother 


locomotive 

j J U 

brother 


milk 

J ^ 

father 


.tea 

jjV 

knife 


coffee 

J&r 

fork 


whiskey 


cup 


13 




o-» U 

fish 


pepper 


cream 


salt 


lemon 

J—M J 

dessert 

C.^1 

choclate 

Jk* 

orange 


Exercises: 


f JL;jl J 4J>- 

• f J J wt* 

0 r J 1J <1* 

# r j‘ J j J U 

4 fj* J J 

f cx- 1 US' c.j j U 

« C—• O^J J J f J J *-» 

1* c— I US' j bj j I,, 


• J‘ «*. I 1»L» I j J J 1^/ 

9 c—I UjlI 

» o ..*» I L>»jl I j *JL 

«Cw I IUjl I <JL 


UjlI j .j J[/- 


r xjlj 


, - j b w »«' j 


a I J V— bS” p>« J ^ J 

f e-J US' ^UbS' 


\sS 


J ^ J 


US' (^liljSJs 
o c ..•» I kxS' j j I^S>b 

f x jl j o- 

* ^ J 


What do you have? 

I have a book. 

1 have money. 

I have brothers. 

I have a mother. 

Where is your mother? 

My mother is in Iran. 

Where is your brother? 

Our brother is in .America. 
Is your brother here? 

Yes, my brother is here. 
Yes, he is here. 

No, my brother is not here. 
What have you in your hand? 
I have a book in my hand. 
Where is your book? 

My book is in my hand. 

••here is his telegram? 

His telegram is in his book 
Whet do you have today? 

We have football today. 


14 




fc^iiiI b r>.« « j j j jl ju 

? I «J O’ p h w J j o 


Is your pencil in your hand? 
Whet do I have in my hand? 


?c 


iF 

Is this a car? 

? e~J 

o~> ^ ^.1 

ir 

Is this the 

Persian class. 

<» C!■— 4V 

1 

-X 

Yes, this is 

the Persian class 

• c ~‘ 

ij ■■■ '^r 

1 «J 

No, this is 

the English class. 


v r 





^ A 




f Jjl J 

‘3~V 


uOtf 

i_r 

Jj\ JU 

-5 


0 U,I 

«JL 

» J 

V>*" 



4j 


^U 


ClP 



3^ 


o^> 



? c—I 


Or 

0^3 

jiui 

J ^ 

^.r 

, -.-a L 


o*~ 


J 


if 


15 - 


LESSON V 


The verb "to be" in Persian,as well as in most languages, 
has more or less been distorted in form. In Persian there are 
three different forms for the present tense of this verb. It is 
recommended that the student learn the different forms at the 
same time. 


Form I 


Singular 

I am 


Plural 


you are (thou art) 
he, she, it is 

This form may also indicate existence, as: 


-ft 


I exist 
you exist 

he, she, it exists 
( there is ) 


we are 
you are 
they are 


we exist 
you exist 
they exist 
( there are 


Form II 

This form is simply the contraction of the other: 

( ^) r * lam (^)^l we are 

you are (thou art) ( jl ) jJ you are 

c—I he, she, it is ( ^ 1 they are 


Form III 


This form is 


almost obsolete and used rarely. The student 


( 16 ) 







does not have to know it well, just an acquaintance with it will 
do at this stage. 




1 am 

Lw« 

we are 


* \ T 

L> *?£• 

you are 

JL*.<* Lux 

you are 


Xu Lw. 

he, she, it is 


they are 

The negative form of this verb 

tense is as 

follows: 



1 em not 

r-~ 

we are not 



you are not 

±~~~ 

you are not 


c -* ; 

he, she, it is 

not wLSu«uj 

they are not 

With 

the interrogative pronoun 

f ’’who?” 

it becomes: 

r 


Who am 1? 

r y 

y- .< Who are 


? ^-5—-5" 

Who are you? 

f JLC~_fc Jft 

t -■ ... < Who are 


•* J r 


Who is he or she? r > ~ ... ^ t.-, 


Who are they? 


Example : 


UjJ 

j j Q J J 

yS j j * 3L5" j j 

• jJ L 

« C!—*•> I Ll» I j J JJX p 

f Cjk j ^ OX# tf 


Jj LU I j J 0 J UJX? f #-L 


I am here. 

1 am in the class. 

You are in the class. 

Mr. X is in Teheran . 

We are in the room. 

The chair is in the room. 

Is (ere) there chains) in 
the room? 

Yes, there is (are) 
chair(s) in the room. 


- 17 - 






I exist 


A 

...» la, God exists. 

x\lo Possessive C»se in Persian 
In Persian one cannot say, "The pupil T s hook, the 
teacher’s pencil, my father’s car, hut: 

v r b5' The book of the pupil. 

J,a * The pencil of the teacher. 


f J \ jpl 

The car of 

my father. 


(Note that the 

equivalent to 

the English word 

"of" is. 

like adjectives, rendered by the short vowel sound ( ), 

which is pronounced hut never written. 

Vocabulary: 

!j^ 

God 


Sugar 


Present, ready 

LTJ J 

lesson 

t - < Lt 

Absent 

1 J jj 

tomorrow 

r^ 

teacher 

xAw 

Saturday 


student, pupil 


Sunday 


artist, actor 

J 

Mo nday 

L> Z J ^ O J J ^ 

garden party 


Tuesday 


dance 


Wednesday 

<uUU 

upstairs room 


Thursday 


16 - 






cake 

*-*** 

Friday 

o--V* 

thank you 

r J 

Who? 

djL 

bank 

W-f u-r 

What? 

-b/ 

short 

.1 Ju» 

white 

j-lL 

high, tall 

^r 

blue 

*->4* 

brown 

<L_ 

black 


Exercises: - 

f c—l jjSLi lF 

• 1 U- Li t 

* ^ bi « 4j 

r jl> jjo L>- 

? JL^U LF 
r jl L>- L>«» L F 

• c^ 1 -^ # ^ 

f J ^ ) ^ul ( 1 LF 
? C~-u- I y-A L>- <£L5” L F 

9 C—Mfc-J ^<9 L»- <iL S « <J 

? c— u. i 'j.yfjj fL* lF 
. C-J (_r Xj* ^jLa4 « *jl 

f C—«»I >>--j->- L F 

« c ~~ l r -X 

,c-l v> >. , -JL 


Is the student present (ready)? 

Yes, the student is present 
(reedy). 

No, the student is not present 
(reedy). 

Are you present (ready)? 

tf rt rt rt 

tt ,ti n n 

(emphasis on you) 

Yes, I am present (ready). 

Is there sugar in the coffee? 
(lit.. Does the coffee have 
sugar?) 

Is the cake ready? 

No, the cake is not ready. 

Is the teacher in the class? 

Yes, the teacher is in the 
class. 

Is this coffee good? 

Yes, this coffee is good? 

Yes, (it) is good. 


19 



y ff. J J <>LA O 
4 (!. J* J c^-A O J A J4/** * *-' 

y ju jl j dL;L j j L^ 
• j. j ^ J * 4 ^‘ L j J J 

• r -' 1 x ’ ' ^ 

f C^m ) I ^jw« jj bJ^4jp I lX 

« C—»«I d^**' ^ ( 

»m> 5 * L w> ..C« <««, >J |gi I s <J 


Do we have a garden party 
tomorrow? 

No, today we have the garden 
party. 

Have you money in the bank? 

Yes, I have money in the 
bank. 

No, I do not have* 

Is your car green? 

Yes, my car is green. 

No, my car is not green, it 
is black. 


? fi.j ^ J ur ^ 

Ij|> if 

Do we have classes tomorrow? 

^ a; 

1 Jj# t 

No, we do not have classes 
tomorrow? 

« d~««/1 i 

Tomorrow will be (is) Saturday 

; ^ys j 

j 

The pupil is not present in 



the class. 


c-i-b/yii ^ur 

« C«mu> I ^ 

i »V-1v l 


Mr. X is short. 
Today is Friday. 

Is the paper white? 


• 1 j 


• Jil X‘ 


f j,! j 


‘J-V 


yy.' 


o \jy~j 
4 ilS' 

ur 


- 20 - 


LESSON VI 


There are two forms xo the Possessive Adjectives: 
lo Using the Inseparable possessive adjectives which 
we have alreadv studied. 


<r> r' 

my 

oL 

our 

i 

your (thy) 

ot 

your 

(ui) S' 

his, her, its 

, oLi 

their 

These 

adjectives by themselves are meaningless. The^ 

should be prefixed to the noun they qualify or limit, as: 


my book 


your foot 

4jU- 

my chin 


his or (her) hand 

r-* 

my hair 


his or (her) eyebrow 

O 

your head 


its head 



C.I-.U 

your letter 

ijt' i x j 

its teeth 

The noun qualified by 

the plural form 

of these possessive 

adjectives 

always takes the 

’’ezafeh." 


L«JLw«jp 1 

our car 

jl ju 

your pencil 


our coat 

«»1 

their name 

0 L.)tr 

your class 

jL 

their mother 

2 0 The other form is 

made by adding 

the noun followed 

by "ezafeh 

" to the Personal Pronouns: 



I 

u 

we 

y 

you (thou) 

U_1 

you 


he or she 


they 


it 

O^. 1 

they 


El 



Examples. 


Cr* c ~~ J 


( 

,> 

Cw J 

y C-* J 

y 

( 


Cw J 


jl j ^ - J 


my hand (literally, the 
hand of I) 

your (thy) hand (lit., the 
hand of you (thou) 

his (her) hand (lit., the 
hand of he (she) 


etc., etc. 

It should be noted that if in the second form the 
stress is placed on the noun it means one thing, but if the 
pronoun is stressed it indicates another thing, tfhile in the 
first form only the noun is always stressed; as, for instance: 

J my hand (the hand is stressed) 

^ j my hand ( " " 

In both of the examples the emphasis is placed on hand. 
They both mean my hand not leg, head, coat, or anything else. 
O 4 * c—j My hand (stress on my) 

It means my hand end nobody else’s hand. 

It should be noted at this stage that not only nouns in 
Persian are not inflected, but even pronouns remain the same 
whether in the Nominative, Genitive (the of Possessive) and 
Objective Cases. In English "I" in the Nominative changes 
to "my” in the Possessive and to "me" in Objective Cases 
while O* "I" in Persian remains unchanged in all of them. 


22 




. C-I o- vtS'cr.l 

. U-: jl ju o r 

* C—M>l J l; 

cC — ^ CT- 

« C l.4.' I jP I 

«c—I ^ j u* liT ^1 

f Cl.** I l>6 J 


* C . ■!««< I ^ » l< > ^ 0 «. 0 

f C-~I 0 U»I ; j 0 Li, jL Lj 
% c~ mw r j j I jZj j L * *j 
» Cm> I j jj L«Jm> \j~y+y ^ 


This is raj book. 

That is your pencil. 

This is her radio. 

This is not his radio. 

Where is my car? 

This gentleman is my father. 
Where is his hand? 

His hand is in his pocket. 

Is their mother in the room? 
No, their mother is not there. 
Tour car is yellow. 


Vocabulary: 


v r-e* 

pocket 

vr 

left 


ri ght 


on 


inside of 

SLJ 

under 

L 

with 

U~I 

these 

u-’r 

those 

: a • 

glad, happy 


j* 

work, job 


friend 

J> 

house 

<u. J JU 

school 

yZjj 

time 

vu 

now 

r u 

all 

U**J* 

dismissed 


I give 

L-tf 

acquainted 


Exercises: 


J h 


ut 1 
J Oi) 


This is my right hand. 
This is my left hand. 


23 







L Cr) 

r* r* 

f" 1/ j ^ Ot* 

. c_l ^ ^1, o; 1 

| y> 

^ h> . > ^jjK jj C««» J 

v I ^> ^ j3 

f c— I US' 


c—I 


s> »_j 


f-r- 

-I US' (jbi-M-lj Cu> j 

*S $ j {*** ^^ t **~** > J 

c~i ^t»r ji l/ 
«J 4L»‘ —. 0 Cm* I JI t -JL 
yXj jur lj 

« p.« » j >> I * <JL 

ur^.^ O'* ff *-' 

t c-jt ur 

« C-~J J_5 j^e t» r ^1 

a C— I J-* ^ JjJ JJ-d 


^\zS 

c ~'* ^r* jtJ 

“'* >i* -*.J 


vbS' UJ 

a C—J jl Jb, U,T 

f CwMf I U^ ^ 153 Lm» J J 

U ci, 


This is my right eye. 

This is my left eye 
This is my right foot. 

This is my left foot. 

My right hand is in my pocket 
My left hand is in my pocket. 
Where is your left hand? 

My left hand is on my head. 
Where is your right hand? 

My right hand is on the table 
Is he Mr. X? 

Yes, he is. - No, he is not. 

.are you Mr. X? 

Yes, I am Mr. X. 

No, I am not Mr X, I am Mr Y. 

Who is this gentleman? 

He is Mr. Mazol. 

The chair is on the table. 

The book is on the chair. 

My foot is under the table. 

My feet (legs) are under the 
table. 

These are books. 

Those are pencils 
Where is your friend? 

Time is up. 


- 24 


r c-J L^r Ut L J if 

« c—* I U—tT L jl t *JL 
* *» ” * *** c b—c F L < <j 

f jl jl j *>• _jl L 

• J* jl t 

r Cm* l Lm L _ji 

off b <i i C —m I L t -JL 


Is he acquainted with you? 

Yes, he is acquainted with me. 

No, he is not acquainted with me. 

What do you want with him? 

I have business with him. 

Is he with you? 

Yes, he is with me.-No, he 
is not with me. 


<r*> 

o* 

v bT 


< f '>0* 


(ol) 

y 

J 

uStf 

Jt J 

(c.1 ) jS ( VT ) 

Cm. J 

(u* 1 ) 

(ytl) jl (C_lj ) 


y 


Jjv 


(oU 

L 

y? 

^y 

(o>-) i. 

jl Ju 

( o>=) 

L.<i 

^ J 

( 0 b)U 

wb* 

(o^ 

UJ 

£~~ J 


(c,U) 0 W 




Cr* 







cT 


C-m.j J 

j 1 

t ur 

ir 

b-sF 

L 




Li 





o^J 





J* means was 


- 25 




LESSON YII 


The Verbs "to do" and "to give." 

Present Indicative 




Singular 


o'* 

I do 

o~*^ o' 4 

you do 

sXj ^ 

he, she, it does 

r AJ t>- 

I give 

O-* J U/* 

you give 

OA J ^ 

he, she it gives 

Vocabula rvt 

4J*j J 

rank, degree 

4 Lu« ) Cj>v 

blackboard 

0 U»I 

floor 

JL- 

year 

A 

open 


clean 

( v ) 

to 

ufaj 

light, clear 

<& 

a look 


request 


Plural 


r* 

o- 

we do 

JUJ S 

O-* 

you do 

jujS 

o'* 

they do 


O- 

we give 

JUJb J 

O - * 

you give 

UJ-A J 

o- 

they give 


( b vLo- ) UJ-» 

how much 
how many 

-^U 

for 

Af* Ji If* 

what for 

viL 

one 


two 

4U» 

three 

jU> 

four 

c* 

five 

4 L, 

month,moon 

^ -ll; 

I look (at) 


26 







Exercises: 


(a) Study the following verb forms:- 



please, I request, I am requesting. 

^ -ISj 

1 

look at, I am looking at. 


1 

listen, I am listening. 


1 

clean, 1 erase. 


1 

light, I am lighting. 

L>- 

1 

prepare, 1 am preparing. 


1 

open, 1 am opening. 


1 

work, 1 am working. 


(b) Conjugate fully each of the above phrases in the 
following manner 

\y>- U 

ln Persian the direct definite object of transitive 
verbs must be followed by the particle (postposition) ; 
as, for example: 

« b V ^ 1 am opening the book. 

q x2u« b (^rj J He prepares the lesson. 

<* You are erasing the blackboard. 

If the object is qualified by one or more adjectives 
the postposition b will have to be placed after the last 
adjective; as, for instance: 


27 - 





I open the Persian book. 

I am preparing my lesson. 

He is erasing the blackboard. 


0 L> 

8 if f~j J 

« > u!Ti« '—I L 4 L ** 

The noun or pronoun in the Dative Case is mainly the 


the 

preposition 

. ^ ( v ) 

- "to," 

as: 



to me 


u 

to 

us 

y* 

to you ( 

informal) 


to 

you 

A 

to him, 

her 

o^-L 

to 

than 

ot 

to it 


L+;C 

to 

them 


Examples:- 


f JLJk JU« *j l> I 


ajb ju« ^ bS 

’ A ox 
Lf 


a+i ~ 


He gives me a book (books) 

He gives him money. 

Do you permit me (give me 
permission) ? 


Study the following forms also: 


» 4 

• s ISj LwJL- 

? 4 ISj Lf 

o JU. 

o ^ jL 


He is looking at me. 

He is not looking at you. 
«re you looking at him? 

He listens to me. 

I am not listening to him. 


Exercises: 


« I \j <C->£ 

a * X.L '*5u+ vl) I \j 4 Zj>£ 


f I^J 4J>- (_£ I 


28 


We erase the blackboard. 

They are erasing the blackboard. 

Why are you erasing the blackboard? 





f 


t j u* ‘S^ « j IS <->■ j; 

4*^*4 J L I; jJ tfl^ 

Ij J L« J j 4 ^ s\j, 

J L lj J J <L> ^ I ^ 

» ujSL « < (5 j jL 

• jl* LlL I j i_IsS 

ULm>j j 

f < ^ -* ‘S »4 j IS o- 

* r*=* A l> j J 

* f*’ ^ ' - '* ^ ( r **y ^ 

f «i v .w ‘S^ « jL Ij < jj*s^ L^ 

* j ^ L> * <Jb 

— ^ £L+* J L |j f 4j 

« jL lj j j 

• Jb Ju«j 4J U-1 L Mi < 


f JLlA JL «J 4j 1>I jL 

? > l S l a 4 tS* 

« j.»^« 4 Lu 1* « i < t «JL 

a ■ ^ ‘S-- 4 iS* Ifc* $ 
f JLii S *# 4 iS* ^«* 


Why are you working? 

Why are you openning the door? 
Why are you preparing your 
lesson? 

Why are you not openning the 
door? 

He is looking at him. 

You are giving them the book. 
They do not prepare their 
lesson. 

What are you doing? 

I am openning the door. 

1 am openning my book. 

What else are you doing? 

I’m preparing my lesson. 

Are you openning the window? 
Yes, I’m openning the window. 
No, I’m not openning the 
window; l*m openning the door. 
1 do not permit you ( give you 
permission)„ 

Why don* t you permit him? 

Is he looking at me? 

Yes, he is looking at you. 

No, he is looking at us. 

Why is he looking at us ? 


- 29 


• C-J jL oJ 

Q c—-J J L J J O ^ 

jL 4 j-^x OtJ 

«Ctui jL o f 
q c~*» I j L L—i v_> L5* 

• c~J jL jl 

I jL j j LF 
a Cmv I j L j J 
a V— «»■ l»‘ j L j J } 4 »/ 
! jL LF 

a Cl~»» 5 j L 4_^»>sJC e 4«L 
r Col 4 LF 

o C—u- II ^^*9 L>» J J <ji- 

IS C»»ooJ L»- f 4j 

f jl j~o L>* L» . LF 

<s —dL>- « 4 JL 


r c- 


ca ^iL>- s *Jl 

r 0 r r i 


J ^^-513 ^liF I 


f c. 

CrrjL • 


r' 


O- r * 

jL ^bcbS' ILF .^UjbF 

« c~. ^-j jL pkS « *j 

1 j L ^ j L F g i^tSj L L F 


j' 


This door is open 0 

That door is not open 0 

This window is open„ 

That hook is not open. 

Your hook is open. 

His hook is open. 

Is the door open? 

Yes, the door is open. 

No, the door is not open. 

Is the window open? 

Yes, the window is open. 

Is the car ready? 

Yes the car is ready. 

No, it is not ready. 

Are you ready (present)? 

Yes, I am ready. 

Yes, I am present. 

What is the name of that 
gentleman? 

His name is Mr. Fox. 

What is your name? 

My name is ..,Martin. 

Is your hook open, Mr. Fox? 
No, my hook is not open. 

Mr. Martin, is the door open? 
Yes, the door is open. 


- 30 


LESSON VIII 


The Present Tense 

of 

the verbs "to 

o 

o 

'CJ 

go," and 

"to come":- 









To do 



Singular 




Plural 


r v 

1 do 




we do 

^ cr* 

you do 




you do 


he, she, 

it 

does 

u -» 

they do 




To so 



jO» C- 

I go 




we go 

is* 

you go 



<S* 

you go 

O ' 4 

he, she, 

it 

goes 

is* 

they go 




To come 




I come 



L« 

we come 

*** 

you come 



jui L« 

you come 

x L, 

he, she, 

it 

ccmes 

Xw L. 

th ey come 


The imperative has the same form as the present tense 
except that the prefix ^ is replaced by the prefix 
& v followed by the short vowel sign ( ) . At this stage 
it is advisable to use only the second person plural of the 
imperativeo 

JuX from the verb "to do 0 " 

'hxr. " " " "to go." 

" " " "to come." 


31 - 








The verb "to do" is one of the several very useful and 
practical verbs in Persian., It is used to make verbs out of 
nouns and adjectives as, for examples- 


fa fa 

I open. 

A 

open 

fa^fa 

(Please), I request. 

fa 

request 

fa^ 

1 look. 


look 

fat 

I listen. 


ear 

fa fa 

I clean, I erase. 

fa 

clean 

fat 

I light. 


light 

fat fa ^ 

I prepare. 


ready,present 

fa fas- 

I ask. 

fay- 

question 

fafa 

I work. 

fa 

work 

fat jt* 

1 wait. 


patience 

fajfa 

I thank. 

faz 

thanks 

fat* 

I introduce. 

cP/** 

introduction 

fa f 

I pay attention. 

4J ry 

ettentiern 

fA” 

I finish. 


all 


1 repeat. 


repetition 


Conjugate each of the above combinations in the present 
tense and imperative, es“ 



I open 

j h 

we open 

fat fa 

you open 

J L 

you open 

j L 

he,she,it opens 

>AJL*5tx j L, 

they open 


juii j L 

Open 



Note that the prefix ^ of the imperative is not employed 
when it is used in such combinations as above. In negation, 


- 32 


however, the negative prefix o always replaces it. 
Exercises: 



Vocabulary * 


Open the door. 

Don’t open the door. 

Erase the blackboard. 

Don’t erase the blackboard, 

I work today. 

Tomorrow, 1 don’t (won’t) work. 
What ere you doing? 

I am openning my book. 

1 am preparing my lesson. 

I will wait for a minute. 
Please wait a minute (a little) 
I request you. 

1 am asking (of) you. 

He is thanking (thanks) you. 

You are not asking me. 


L> 


Please repeat 

the question. 

f 

I go 

m 

introduction 


I come 


attention 

J'3~ 

question 

r 1 - 

all 


patience 


repetition 

2* 

thanks 


work 

ji 

of, from 


lesson 


state of 

health 

how 


33 




Lesson IX 


The plural ending in Persian is 1* ; as:- 


u v tr 

books 

U j* ju 

pencils 

La J 

hands 

i» ^ 

eyes 

La j* 

tables 

La j/Lt 

students 

l» Cy y 

faces 

*■» J~r 

mice 


Iaj j 

doors 

La 

oars 

Ul, 

feet 


heads 

La u J ju-o 

chairs 

La jpL*** 

teachers 

LawJ 

lips 


ears 


Examples: 


( sS 

( ) U-: jl u« 

ijt ) jl j U c— j 

r-' 

u w I J La jS I 

U ^1*. J U fL? 
^ La Jj5L*t 
^ La J IjiUy 
j La^j$ 


my books 
your pencils 
his ( her ) hands 
blue cars 
our feet 
teacher’s eyes 
good students 
small restaurants 
their ears 


The verb agrees with the subject if it be animate. 
Otherwise the verb remains singular; as, for instance: - 

Uj/U The students are in the class. 
j J The teacher is in the class. 


34 - 





UcJ u 


« jlc~-a LkjI Let 

• Cm I jj Us 1 j J Lft 

»c—I LkcI c_ b5" 


We are here. 

You are there. 

The tables are (is) in the room. 
My books are (is) here. 


The demonstrative Pronouns in Persian are: 


Singular 
crJ This 

J That 

Examples: 

« c«! ijj*} 

« ci«»m J c. bS La ^ I 

« Cl.i.. I Let Cw J O ^ 

. c—.1 Let La C«> J La jf 
* cc~J L>jJ lc La bS 

Q CL«*. j JU. (J/* w* La J I JU 

t Cw 5 L»^ U-* La ^ 

f Cw 5 ) _} I »_$ La ai-lS” 

ceJ ^ ^ U-ij5 ^rj 

Cl »4i., i J JL let La_j-^ JIJ 

ill i j L lj Us I ^ j La j^ 5 let 
jca jc, ^5 La jju 

jJ» L»- |j (j L-* si La—^ J 


Plural 
L*j-l These 

u-r Those 

This is a book. 

These are (is) books. 

That is your hand. 

Those are (is) your hands. 

Your books are (is) here. 

My pencils are (is) on the 
desk. 

Where are (is) your cars? 

Where are (is) his papers? 

These are (is) my ears. 

Your radios are (is) not bad 

The students open the door 
of the room. 

The students listen well. 

They do not prepare their 
lessons well. 


35 





jJ |JL»u« j I 

U^*i J I 

>Uitj ^ j I 
? ti y5^ » J x am j I 

f J U « u « yjr*^ b~<- J ^ < J$ 

f >1JT» *» to Lfc ^J_*-t 

J ^ o 

JLw Lw Lscew I ^iuU^«A l_j> 


They don’t ask the teacher* 

I thank you* 

Don’t thank me. 

Whom are you thanking? 

Who is requesting you? 

Where are the teachers going? 
Wait a little. 

Please come here. 


A*J»w ^ j>» p&i* 

Please go to 

the board 

f ci«»«<> J L.<i 


Where is your 

family? 

Vocabulary 

Or.' 

this 

Js-«» 

family 

or 

that 

'>* 

weather 

'--O'. 1 

these 


cold 

u 0 r 

thos e 

** 

warm 

r* 

eye 

viL 

one 

J-* 

head 


two 

A A 

six 

Am 

three 

C 

eight 


four 

4 J 

ten 

cr< 

five 

4j 

nine 

cJla 

seven 


36 



LESSON X 


The infinitive in Persian ends in o immediately preceded 

✓ 

hy the short vowel "zabar" ( )» Note that the consonant before 

this vowel is either a 0 -"t" or a J -"d." 



to go 


O x - J 

to see 

. - *1 , 

to take (from a 

place) 

0 jl J 

to give 

J5 

to put 


o*3 

to come 

0 

to be 


o*J 

to do 

The Pest 

befinite (simple 

past) is 

made by dropping from 

the ending (0 

— ) and adding the personal endings. 

, Only the 

third person : 

singular takes no 

ending„ 




1 went 



we went 


you went 


JL^J* j 

you went 


he went 


JJZJj 

t hey wen t 


1 did 



we did 


you did 


JL 

you did 


he did 


x- JjZ 

they did 

1 0 

I had 


- J 

we had 


you had x 


1 J 

you had 


he had 


JLSmI 1J 

they had 

jl J 

1 gave 


^ ji J 

we gave 

jl J 

you gave 


JL. jl J 

you gave 

jj J 

he gave 


X ji J 

they gave 


- 37 - 






The Past Progressive (imperfect) is formed from the simple 
past by prefixing the particle 


( go 

) 


1 

wes 

going; I used 

to go 

( 


^ JL JU« 

I 

was 

seeing; I used 

to see 




1 

was 

doing; I used 

to do 

( 



I 

was 

giving, I used 

to give 


etc. etc. 

In the pest definite tense the accent always falls on the 
syllable before the one taking the personal endings. The 
Progressive past takes the accent on the prefix (See 

Modern Persian Grammar, Section on accent, pages 19-24). 

Exercises; 


? juX. oj> 

tfhat are you doing? 


1 

am working. 

Q fiVf **• ( V ) 

1 

go to school. 

« j L ^ 

I 

am opening my book. 

« 4 

I 

am looking. 

* gL* 

I 

am coming to the class. 

9 gv; L> 

1 

am seeing you. 

b g-> J 

I 

am preparing my lesson. 

• g^« vdj \j aZ->£ 

I 

am erasing the blackboard 

• r* j!g l o' 

I 

am repeating it. . 

• f) 1 ji L O* 

I 

am tak ing it. 

a ^(6 JL.«o <Jj I«>I 

1 

permit (give permission). 

9 g® g— 

1 

am putting it on my head. 


38 



The Past i-efinito 


? JL J jS 



• 


9 & 


^ ( v ) 


L r M 


' i 

*11; 

• 

r* r 

Jl*-. 

* 

r x - J 

L ^ 

• f j5 >U 

L j 

l_>- 

L J 

* 


<£*»— 

T J > 

j'j* 

L> o r 

- A 

* 1 

• 

o r 


‘ r jl ' 

j o j L>-1 

» J5 


(J») 


The Past 

1* jl jj5L+ <sj> 

• J4 L pkS 

» ^ Jy^Lt* J iSj 

* ^ U~^L 
* ^T* ^J U-Ji 

4 C J J* l 1 J> crj ^ 

• C *iAi* ^ L 

* f^£z* i> o* 


Whet did you do? 

I worked. 

1 went to school. 

I opened my book. 

1 looked. 

I came to the class. 

I saw you. 

I prepared my lesson. 

1 prepared today’s losson. 

I erased the blackboard. 

I repeated it. 

1 took it. 

I rave permission. 

I put it on my head. 

Pr orr e ssive (Imperfect) 

What were you doing? 

1 war. opening my book. 

1 was looking. 

I was comming to the class. 

1 was seeing you. 

1 was preparing tomorrow’s 
lesson. 

1 was erasing the blackboard. 
1 was repeating it. 

- Z9 - 






LESSON XI 


The present, past, and past progressive of the verb J6 
"to put" ares- 


Fresent Tense:- 


f J* *&i* 

I put 

fSJ 1 

we put 

SJ 1 aS-. 

you put 

JL ji Ju-»4 

you put 

Jj 1 JS-4 

he puts 

Xj 1a$-« 

they put 

Past (definite) 

^ US 

I put 

1 aS 

we put 

u— 1 ^ 

you put 

a a. >t 1 jS 

you put 

c~i\ J5 

he puts 

1 Jj 

they put 


Past Progressive (Imperfect) 


iUS-. 

I was putting 

^*W« • J& 44 

we were putting 

JJS-4 

you were putting 

a a., jt 1 aS.,- 

you were putting 

;laS~ 

he was putting 


they were putting 


Examples; 

• l*J^ 'Sju b v r b5 ' 


I am putting (put) the book on 
the desk* 


* b 1 "^^ I put the book on the desk* 

* I J-* Ijv-b^ i was putting the book on the 

desk* 


* x, j 1 aS-* q bj—. j ^ \j b- b5* 
' ^ & o ^«/S* ^ JD b o ^ ^ 


You are putting your book on 
your desk* 

You put your book on your 
desk* 


® b j-~» x> ^ j o ^ 


You were putting your book on 
your desk* 


40 







How many different sentences can you make out of the 


following patterns? 


.. « « IS-. 


j-t* 



jl Jl. 


f 1 j6.~«l 

Jits 

^yj 


y b5* 


iS f ^1 j5 

Crr*J 

jtj 

b 


. < 

< oi; 

0 U>I 

yy 




f 1 

v r 



r» 


f 1 iA<a.i 






< JL j 1 















r 


. i ° 

J— 



C. 

C ~* J 

. » p-il J£_ ^ 



l 

A 

J* 

uj* 





o'- 

jl O. 

. . . . , ^1 

V LT 




oils' 

* • • • t x j 1 jS.i jj L*t 




oL 


* • « a « JL j 1 jS* 






? jux-ii J6 L >S 

o 

Where 

did you 

put your hand? 


Exercises: 


j.J »c—I ' o 

I (JjJ J a O—«> I /’*"**' ^ 8 * 


' l J J 

'* f-r- ./ij J 


f c~*» wb5" VU 


- 41 - 


Lrfjl J£l Ij l. b5" 














«c~mJ S xj « C—. I J—• xj V 

o I J-S-ms j-*+ ^ XJ L> 4 -b 5 ^ t <*Jl f j ^ J^ « _/£• I; '■ 7 ' b 5 " b f" 

* j»j^ j-z* ^XJ l 0 » * ^ 

» |.jl »&*« J^* ^ J; <f <-b 

« J 6 _J-k* ^ lj *-—-ln 5 ” « *JL f jS _^-** ^xj L> S - b^ bl 

'■Sj, * «-’ * jS j-? Sxj < ^ • ^-:l js _>-• ^ Ij J 4 -L 

• ^ 1 *« » I j 5 ^J >u i ^ ^ xj p « * I >i l< 
• j ^ J ^ e (• j-** ( ^ ? '*-j ^ *&-• vj b j** Q-s j J) t» o b - b T 

» ^~*£ ^ ^~u> 4 ( ^ f » i y ..», t I JL * ^ b ^*»- 1^ O b 4 b 1 

? jul^I j£> UvS' \j j~bS f jl^IJ6 Sxj L bl 


jL- J-4 ->~ a pj* J Jb* , jr ~‘ Jb« ?Xjlj Jl— a^>- 

« jjl j J L. iiL j c. ■>.. . . f jjl j JL. jll>- ...» ^ Ul • ^ j I j 


» Jj I j Jl~ c x J-*->■ • Jj * J J *— x o-~ 


Vocabulary 2 




Cr~~^ & 

to put. 

jXj j 

dollar 

cjtl JS 

infinitive stem 

«=—* 

twenty 

jliS 

imperative stem 

u— 

thirty 

r 6 

pen 

J-*T 

forty 

L«*J 

ground 

; c~~ 

twenty one 


it, that 

jj J C-«w 

twenty two 


hat 

d - J tr 

thirty one 


42 



LESSON XII 


The present, past, and past progressive of the verb^jlj 
"to give" are:- 

Prescnt Tense: 


r* '■h* 

I give 

JL-# 

we give 

o-* 'h* 

you give 

U - -fe JL~» 

you give 

JUb JL-* 

he gives 

wLJb Jl-* 

they give 

Past 

Definite (Simple) 



^jl j 

I gave 


we gave 

si jl J 

you gave 

JL jl J 

you gave 

jl J 

he gave 

JJ jl J 

they gave 

Past Progressive (Imperfect) 


J.jl JU, 

I was giving 

^ jl JL-e 

we were giving 

si jl JU, 

you were giving 

JL J 1 JL-e 

you were giving 

jl ju. 

he was giving 

JJ jl Jl-® 

they were giving 


The verb "to give"^,jlj has both direct and indirect 
objects. The direct object should be followed by the post¬ 
position I \j only when it is definite. The indirect object 
is this verb is always the object of the preposition , 

also written 0 


« jIj ^ Ij 


Mr, Fox gave me his book, 
(Literally:-M.r, Fox, his book 
to I, he gave,) 


In the above example we see that ^LI-"Mr Fox"is the 


subject of the sentence. He is the the one who gives. 


- 43 






jlj - "he gave" is the verb. It is a transitive verb and it 
and it has two objects,, a ^b5'-"his book" is a direct object 
and as it is a definite book it must be followed by the parti¬ 
cle \j o o* -"I" I s the indirect object of the verb jIj 
"he gave." It must be governed by the preposition 


. j . . . | .kf Mr » Martin gave me a book. 

^ (Literally- - Mr. Martin one book, 
to I, he gave), 

Here the word book as in the previous example is a direct 

object but is not a definite book. Therefore, it is not follow¬ 
ed by \j o 

It is important to notice that the verb 0 jlj-"to give" 
is used in conjunction with some words to form compound 
verbs. In such cases the words cannot be separated from the 
verbs; as, for instance: 


0 jIj 0 U; 

jl J 4j U-l 

^ jl j 

^ J ( J J 
J I J 9 y^~ 
,j jl j ^ 3L* 

All the above are compound verbs, 

o J * J 

^ J 1 J Vy. \zS 
^ jl J jl o* 
j I j LmJ 


to show 
to permit 
to listen 
to teach 
to answer 

to salute (military 
salute) 

But these are not compounds: 
to give money o 
to give books, 
to give pencils 
to give medals. 


44 - 


Examples; 


* Xj* LX I j J 

• r jl x* <jU Lx 
* xa x* i*rjS cP./-* 'S l I 
• J - fc x* crj J u —jk ^^l ^UT 

• XA J U J *>_-1 _jj>- (<i^- *_£ 1^ ) I 

But the following verbs 
«. ^ jl j _>l 

« >JU jL I j v_. \zS 
o XA X* c/v L ^ I 


I am showing my hand. 

I did not permit you. 

Mr. Horton is lestening. 

Mr. Basseri teaches Persian 

Why (what for) are you not 
listening? 

are not compounds: - 
I gave him money„ 

I an giving the book to him 
Mr. Basseri gives Persian 
lessons. 


Exercises: 

Make as many sentences out of the following as you can: 


^ JL-J 0 LX 

r* x. u lx 

r 


^ J1 X ^ lx 

.jlj 0 lx 

1 1 


La cx. j 

j. J1 >W Lx 

h 

p J1 X« jlx 

■J- 

L 


X_A x lx 

X^A X ^ lx 

U b 

u L 

U r x- 

Examples: 



• r* 

lx> (<r L-l « 

l»A JU. 

u l>" t; 


Vocabulary 

soldier 
lady, Mrs . 


• j>- why? 

L j J sea 


- 45 - 






LESSON XIII 


The present, past, and past progressive tenses of the 
verbs "to say," "to see? J 'to know? and 

"to want" are as follows 
Present Tense 





.Plural 


I say 


we say 

o J A 

you say 

JUi ^4 

you say 

h&* 

he says 


they say 

(hi o* 

I see 

1 "ih o* 

we see 

O'*"?. L>“* 

you see 

hh o’* 

you see 

^h. o* 

he sees 

A+hi o* 

they see 

!*> 1 JU« 

I know 

1 Ju« 

we know 

h* 

you know 

Xjl JLl4 

you know 

Jii 1 Juc 

he knows 

JLm 1 JU« 

they know 


I want 

j»-A 

we want 

aP^sh* 

you want 

JUA 

you want 

JLA 

he wants 

JUA 

they want 

Past Definite 




I said 


we said 

** 

you said 

JUJif 

you said 

cJS 

he said 


they said 


46 







I saw 


we saw 


^ jl j 

J JL J 
X J 


you saw 
he saw 


^ Jb J 
JL JL J 
JL JL J 


you Saw 
th ey saw 


The past definite of j to know" is not used in Persian,, 



I wanted 


we wanted 

c* 5 —1>^ 

you wanted 


you wanted 


he wanted 


they wanted 


Past Progressive 



I was saying 


you were saying 

V ■ « 

he was saying 

^ JL JL« 

1 was seeing 

J JL JU 

you were seeing 

JL Ju« 

he was seeing 

l»L»iL 1 JL« 

I knew 

-■-,•1 ju, 

you knew 

lT . — : 1 . t . f 

he knew 


I wanted 


you wanted 

C l—«» l_5 >w>« 

he wanted 



we were saying 

jljl»5I.« 

you were saying 

< L»1*^ -« 

they were saying 

^ JL JL« 

we were seeing 

JL JL JL« 

you were seeing 

X JL JL*. 

they were seeing 

^JJmJ 1 JL-* 

we knew 

JLXXI JL. 

you knew 


they knew 

^ 

we wanted 

JIjXm> « 

you wanted 

> ir»», 

they wanted 


The imperative of the above verbs are: 


- 47 



Singular 


Plural 


A 

say, tell 

(infoimal) 


say, 

Crtr. 

see 

ft 


see 


know 


JLjl JL 

know 

4 ! y>^ 

ask 

n 

JLJh 

ask 


Examples: 


fjL* L-i, 


? ' x t'5*~? ur~J ^ L> 

f JLw^UO 4«> 

f JLCL*5" 4-> 
c—~! <w h5" ^,1 
? juiiS** jL 

o j^jS !_>• |^‘ L ..^ j # p *5> ■< j L 


i^r c>- Lh* 

^ l J 1 y* 
f jl™. >;1 tf 



f jlj I jl-« jU U 

J-U* « <-b 

? JLJ I Ju« *_>■ 


1 say. 

I tell you (I say to you). 

We say in Persian (In Persian 

we say ,...o)„ 

How do you say in Persian, ,<> 0 ? 

What do you say? 

I do not say anything, 

What did you say? 

I said/’ this is a book," 

What were you telling him? 

I was telling him, * Prepare 
your lessono" 

I didn’t see him, 

1 will see (see) him today,, 

I used to see him every day. 

Do you see his car? 

No, I don’t see (it). 

Do you know Persian? 

Yes, I know a little. 

What do you know? 


- 48 






? C-J Sjxj ** Ja-* 

.^•1 JU 4 J 
I JLxJ 1^ 


^ JLJLmwI JU 4 J 4J> J \j. 


. i**' ^ 1^ j J J2u* ^ 

f JujJ, 


9 pA !_^>wJe JI JU> 

* Sjtr? 

f J u A <»>• J 

9 g±* 


r— J.* 


f r- 1 ^ J* r 1 ^^ 

? JL=~J 


> ir>« » ^j-t^ j3 jt 1 


What day is today? 

I don’t know. 

I didn’t know it. 

Why didn’t you know? 

I always knew. 

1 don’t know my lesson today. 

What do you want? 

I want pencils (or a pencil). 

I don’t want anything. 

What else do you want? 

I want nothing (Lit. I do not 
want nothing). 

I did not ask for money (Lit. 
I did not want money). 

I wanted money. 

What did they want? 

Yesterday^ they did not want 
anything. 


Lxerclses* 


JLJjSLi 

u* 

xcjS 


JL J »?t*4 

L 


0^-' 

Jb 


jL£j£ 

J jS Li 

JuJLuju«J 

> 



y 

r* 

j' 


i T .«. 


o'-- 1 


9T- 


>A 

ur 


- 49 




’ i >~:V 3 o—fxJju* ^jL J 

* f ® •*£• f* r »LJ I a-# L J <> jS. j 

• C “~'® V-*? J J.!/* * f C-J JlJjj, JLjl JU Lj 


* 

^ • Ju* a «L « 

® i 4j f JLw 1 X* V _ y». 

Lo^«* L.r 


• f® *fs* Ik® u,-^ « «-L f JLjl.JU lj <Juj>- ^1 LI" 

« 


* *- f ^ j® J Jak® 

juwIjl. Lj 



o X* 1 Ju« 1 Jl>> 

1* x' 1 ju 


* r j ,j 

C-WJ J lj L-i CoSuj# ? cJiSl^ O- L, * . 


0 |* ^ j/i *-L ? X X J lj ;. 

xl j jJLJ Lf 







• _jl « f 

jutf jt ir 



• frJ^r* jL ® f 



‘ c J -. J L • 

* * • 0 ^ f XXJ 

®j ^ r »* 

r* 

also, too 

(jS)c^ 

to say 

i^r'-*- 8 

meaning 

( ) 0 J 

to see 

CImmv^ <J 

I like 

( o ® ^ ® J 

to know 

.<•• --. 

beautiful 

( * ®>»* ) Cr~~ ®>*“ 

to want 

t/ 

when ? 


thing 

f f ••tf 

which ? 


ever, .Any 


language 


little 

L>—^ 

Russian 


always,ever 

o-^ 

a little 

©a* 

nothing , 


a thing, s< 

omething or^> 

Chinese 


50 


LESSON XIV 


The present, past, and past progressive of "to take? 

are conjugated thus: 


Present Tense 



I take 


we take 


you take 


you take 


he takes 


they take 

Past Definite 




I took 


we took 


you took 

JLjj jS 

you took 


he took 


they took 

Past Progressive 




I was taking 


we were taking 

iPA 

you were taking 


you were taking 

C ' 5 A* 

he was taking 


they were taking 


The imperative is: 

A? (you) take tinformal (you) take 

The verb does not have all the various meaning that 

to take has in English., In Persian you only take a thing 
from somebodyo For taking a thing frcm a place the verb 
CP -** J j-i is employed; as for instance: 

. jl jl \j i^bS I am taking the book from him, 

. jl I took money from you 0 


51 - 






jua jl ^ I, 0 b jlj, ^2Li Please gire me your pencil. 

• U-i jl Ij jb jl a«, I took your pencil from you. 

. jl jl jl Don't take anything from him. 

o ^ jl Ij i-.bS' 1 took (picked up) the hook 

r * from the table. 

9 J yjt+j Sjj jl t Jjs Pick up the money from the ground 

j* jJ He took money from my pocket. 

fc~il j^ tj who took the chalk? 

f jl^I j j* US' jl I \j From where did you take this? 

9 l Take off you hat. 

also means to catch, to get hold of, to capture, 

to conquer, etc; as for example“ 

Kr. Fox caught the ball. 

9 ub* The cat cetches mice. 

aC -»A‘ L jJj The policeman did not arrest the 

thief. 

• t Please get hold of my hand. 

9V -"t4i* Yesterday this man was catching 

fish. 

9 ' x tsS i V* CrJ j J Don’t catch any fish in this 

water. 

J l ot? utb Japan conquered China, 
is also used in conjunction with other parts of 
speech to derive various other meanings; as, for instance: 

jtj to run over 

uJ to marry (get a wife) 

&£ to become strong 

u/v J to get lessons 


- 52 


JZJjS -Ulc 


Exercises: 

a b ^ b5" 

* j-j ^ 4 U-l jl !j i_. bi' 

* ^.z^' j* j 1 J* 
8 j* J * J.* V>*- u.-^ - 


y ^ ^J 1 

• ^ j* J* 

? <_J^V * 

* J J ^ J 

? ji.<3~« * I jjrf ^I 1^ jl jl» ^I 

• J-? Jls J* b^ 

? c-^l j \j* \j ^ ^JL <cj*z 

M A I . . 1*1 

« iA/ 9 sJU 1 

-~*j <u I ->^j j ci—i t . I j^w I j L (t-t LS^ ^-ic 


« ^X-ii I _5 1 ^A yi5^ 

L-ft 315* d_»- |^-< Cl—., I ^ / l_jA 

y j- ^ l jl. - <j j-i 

• JC^_I 1^ ^A ^ 

y c_~> j[ i \j ^jp ^j-»«->" Li 

9 JU^ 1^ J I JL. 


1 LrJ 

lAz-*" 

b ^jj-r l> *-* c/** 4 


to correct (to get the mistakes) 


Take this book. 

What are you doing 1 ? 

I am taking the hook from you. 

Lon*t take any money from him. 

Very well, I won*t take any money 
from him. 

What did you take from ^li? 

1 took some money from him. 

How much (money) did you take. 

I took (or got) ten dollars. 

From where did you take this 
pencil? 

I took it from the desk. 

Who took the eraser? 

I didn’t take it. 

Ali took his books and went home. 

1 took my hat off to her. 

It is hot, why don’t you take 
off your hat? 

I do not take off my hat. 

Lid Hassan catch the ball? 

Catch the pencil. 

This is a good cat. 

She catches many mice. 

She does not catch large mice. 


53 



She caught little mice 


* c -v b 

* v -"b'^£* b Ausi c5 ^-TJ* J L~/ 4 

y u<~^ L T 

* ‘l/tk' J * < 3 .-® j^ir^ * ** 

f ci/ Ij L-: j J 

« c*>j5j Ij j ^S>^a 

' c ~b^ b u UI 

* c “b^ b u-’^JL 

• c -b$ J b J > u.-^r t > ;1 

^ a ~- , j* jt. J b .?* *•?* b? 
,c -b*' ai J 

* ^ J-j J * 

’ J jir.. J 

• -^-i* L j'l-=>- w -« JI ( - -<u 

CsJjJ Jait ^wjb ^ jlJ& J I 
V g c a bulary : 


Last year she used to catch large 
mice. 

Does the cat catch fish? 

No, the fisherman catches fish. 

tfho got hold of your hand? 

Nobody got hold of ray hand. 

Germany conquered Gzechoslovekia. 

Russia conquered Rumania. 

The car ran over a man. 

why did you run over him? 

lay friend got a wife ('- ' Med) 
yesterday. 

>»e got a new lesson tod^/i • 

We did not get a lesson yesterday 

The teacher finds many mistakes 
in (my work) . 

He did not find any mistake in my 
homework. 



bell 

^S>^A 

nobody 

A-- 

cat 


man 

LI 

u ^ » 

last ear 


woman 

L 

fish 

4/fe 

new , free 

L 

Pis. ./rman 

JaJi 

mistake 

Sj 

some 


homework , 


54 




LESSON XV 


Study and learn the following infinitives with their 
stems * 


4 

(0 J Ji 

r) 

O J J./ 

to bring 


r ) 


the infinitive stem 


r ) 

J’ 

the imperative " 

( o J 

^ ) 

(j 

to carry 

( J 

J-. ) 


the infinitive stem 

( 

Jt > 

J'. 

the imperative " 

* , 




( d' u-~ L? 

o) 

Cr—'!> 

to be able (can) 

( 1, 

C.) 

c — 

the infinitive stem 

( o». 

o ) 

vjlv 

the imperative stem 




The present 

, past, and past 

progressive 

of the above 

verbs ares- 

Present Tense 

Singular 


Plural 


I bring 

J 

we bring 


you bring 


you bring 


he brings 


they bring 


1 carry 


we carry 


you carry 


you carry 


he carries 


they carry 


55 







Singular 

Plural 


I can(am able) 

we can(are able) 


you can(are able) 

you can 

J_ 1 

he can (is able) 

they can " 

Past 

; tense 


r'J 

I brought 

r .jJ we brought 

3 J,/ 

you brought 

jl jJ you brought 

J j/ 

he brought 

they brought 

r J * 

1 carried 

we carried 

3 

you carried 

x jj- you carried 

J j-: 

he carried 

x-they carried 

^L«mJ >* 

I could (was able) 

we could (were able) 

^»wm « 

you could(were able) 

you could 

^•■-*»«->' 

he could (was able) 

they could " 

Past Progressive Tense 


f 

I was bringing 

^ we were bringing 


you were bringing 

<ju JjjL. you were bringing 

U 

he was bringing 

XJjjL* they were bringing 

C 

1 was carrying 

we were carrying 

j -—» 

you were carrying 

jl you were carrying 

* 

he was carrying 

x-j^- 4 they were carrying 


56 - 






Plural 


Singular 

>4* I could (was able) 
you could (were able) 
c —he could (was able) 



we could (were able) 
you could " " 

they could " " 


Examples 

. L V ^ 

. c-/jLr*“ L ‘ x * 

• j Lr* -1 wL *-r L l 

? ^ <‘Liw L ‘£— Lr? 


y j <—^ wu-, L 

.^ ^ U ox 
jJur b j-* 


f ^ jl/*\ 


• (• J jJ W 
j~ r L-t j^i 

f jjjfi 4^,j a** L l*_£ j ^5" 


’■*1 «/*■?? t* L—£ Jj j +1 LaJaJ < ^,‘1 JU^J 

r jl L v-.hs'^i 


I bring the book 0 

I do not bring my pencil. 

He does not bring his car to 
school. 

Why did you bring this dog 
to the house? 

Why do you not bring your pen 
to school? 

1 brought some money for you. 

Bring your books to the class 
everyday. 

What did you bring today? 

I did not bring anything. 

Today 1 took (brought) you to 
school. 

Who took (brought) you to 
school yesterday? 

Who will take (cariy) you home 
today? 

I do not know. Please take 
(carry) me home today. 

He took (carried) him in 
(with) a car. 

Where are you taking this 
book? 


- 57 





I am taking (carrying) it to 
school. 

Please take (carry) this check 
to the bank. 

Did you take (carry) some money 
to (for) him? 

No, I did not take (carry) any 
money to (for) him. 

Why did you not t.*ke (carry) 
any money to (for) him? 

Because he did not need any 
money. 

Please do not take (carry) the 
Persian Conversation book home 
tonight. Leave (put) it in the 
classroom. 

The student has evidently noticed from the above examples 
that in Persian the verb ^ , to carry, is not only used for 

carrying an object, but it is also used in the sense of taking a 
person somewhere or to someone else. 

While the verb u j, ^1 means to bring, the verb u j 

( O Plus the prefix ) means to take (out); 0 

( 0 *J plus the prefix ^ ^ ) means to extract or to bring 

out of; q VL means to bring up (idiomatically to throw up); 
and naturally L/r** means to bring down. 


» vit'lw l) CrJ 

? J OX 

* j * jin ox * 

r J j~ J U k)x 

* CX.il X J. J V Jj* ^ 

\j o“*"j ^ 

(_/“ ^ j J ^ « X jjO 40 lx *■ - it-r I 

• X j I Sxj 


Lxamoles: 


• fj jl-jJ [ttrT J* j.xJS' 1 take my key from my pocket. 

a j J j***■► J* t xJ^ I am taking the key from my 

pocket. 


58 



Fbrercises; 


y c— i j j l r 

q 1 jJJb j J s 4lL 

? o-w i i>s j_j ^ ^ l> r 

• V ~~' * J J C ~" 1 S J J si* J ^ * 

? *-> 

9 HL* j ^ - > • ^ I juJ^ 

f jji-* •*_> ^ L»* 

o v L l ?^ . ^jJL> ^ Jp >-^-*J5" 

r 

• JL I J^X*4 0*^ «J 1^ oJ5 

? o; I j^ 4-* Ji> j J !j jlJ* I^ 

• jj5 j L 1^ ^jJii ^ c£ ^ < /- 

• j L _j j & i * jj j j j 'll L>. 

. C__l jl ;j 

jJjw \£ jp j ^ [, U-tJ^ ^ J *■** <-» ^ ^ 

® J^, I jSI® Sy> } L-* j j 

^ Jj <J !->■ \£y> ) ’* **^ ,< ^ I J *“ ^ 

« J wLL/ ^j-e \j j «J J-**' 


Is the door locked? 

Yes, the door is locked 0 
Where is Mr. Feerooz? 

Mr. Feerooz is behind the door. 

What is he doing? 

J * *? 

He is taking some keys from his 

pocket. 

What is he doing now? 

He is putting the key in the lock. 

What is he doinp now? 

He is (turning) giving a turn to 
the key. 

Why is he turning the key in the lock? 

(In order) to unlock the door. 

Now he is giving a rush to the door 

and opens it. 

The door is open. 

Mr. Feerooz is taking the key 
from the lock and is putting it 
in his pocket. 

He is going into (enters) the room. 
Then he closes the door. 


Vocabulary : 


check 
J-* 5 lock 
behind 
4*^ key 


wU ■ 

( Ji5 ) ^ j/J L 
u J * J JJJ 


u^ysi out, outside 


yJ? 




to turn 
to unlock 
to push 
to enter 
down 


59 




LESSON XVI 


In Persian the subjunctive form is used after: 



to want 


to like 


to be able, can 

j «j L>-l 

to permit, to allow 

^ j ^ l 

to hope 

^1 JS 

to let 

j> 

if 


may 

jlL 

must, ought, should 

juLi 

perhaps 


that 

1 jL 

lest 


etc., etc. 


The present subjunctive has the same form as the 
present indicative with the exception that the prefix o’* 
of the indicative is replaced by a V ; as, for instance: 


Present Indicative 


Singular 

Plural 





J jyz* 

X ’ Jyf 


Present 

sub.iunctive 

Singular 

Plural 



-S is*. 

•Hu-'. 

J J ,r. 

x ‘ j j*. 


60 









Singular 

Plural 


r- •• 






fi > J*r» 




X j j L** 


rr.^ 

<S 





Examples ^ 


Singular 

Plural 

r* 

r* 



ju£ 

.1.: . 

(*-/ 


Sji U 







4:^*; 


wL 


1 want to go . 

He wants to go to school. 


f •Xj J-* X -fe \->S 

r 5 ^ 1 -^ L fr* J j f* 

• ( ^ „>J L J 


°. JL- L*W JU^ 


l— 

-3 



f jl; 

- u? 

0 c —~ 

ISy.1. 

^ J 


ci_i b^,i 

. 


r 

jlL- 


L‘ 



J j—*1 S* 

. 

° L> 

wL 

<1—• JL>» 

15^1 


Where do you went to go ? 

I want to go and prepare 
my lesson . 

What do you want to do ? 

I want to play football. 

Mr e Ramsay, cannot come to 
schoolo 

Why can he not ? 

Because he is not in the U 0 S. irmy. 

Can any one in the jaaerican Army 
come to this school ? 

Yes, any officer and enlisted man 
who serves in the U.S.Army can 
come here . 


61 







• ? 
y 4 

•r* ‘ 


i «£ j L Jfa JL <L>-l 
%* JL A J—« <^ U-1 l* I 

«jUI (Ljl ) , <L 


'j p si ^ 


s j L< jl L 


tLw> 




? jl j j-~* j L-j I JJ J 1 L I 

J- L j. 4f Jg I J-*- ® LL-C- l~ _^_j j+ I , <L 

9 f J S. ^ wT» 
« jl Lu 1^ L l — , t t I Jl Ljv 
o ^ jm <j 1 jl L I j k— b5 I 


• J^-i, J ( jl J6u ) JL J I J6u 

• ( ^.J 1 ^ ) 

» ^kjS^ ( JL J I jj- ) 

» ^jS ^j~az j ^ J -^ ) 

^A ^ 'j* JL_j l« «!>' I 

pCj J 

» jut L j U» I j j jl Lw 


jljS' I jL* 


0 {JJ1 •**[>*£• ^Jj 

j k -^ (j 

o I J 

o JL»i L jJ L>mv^.jL JLfii! ^_:L_-« 

U L 4"" , *y J JL*4 I 

. 

° L> jj ^ j l JJ CL-mj J 

j\ u Jj 9 ^ Ij jt pij 

• r* 1 •** l 


Let( permit) me introduce you. 

Lo you permit me to go home? 

Yes, 1 give (to) you permission. 

Today at 3 o’clock I must go to 
the bazaar and (to) see my friend. 

Will you go to the dentist today? 

Yes, today at 5 o’clock 1 must go 
to him. 


It may (perhaps) rain tonight. 

I must take (carry) this book 
(to) home. 

Let him enter. 

Let us go. (Come ...go). 

Let us begin. 

Let us have a break. 

If you go to the movies, 1 
will go,too. 

Perhaps he is in the room, he 
may be in the room. 

Write it down lest you (should) 
forget it. 

I wish (my heart desires) to 
go to Iran. 

I wish (my heart desires) I had 
a million dollars. 

He wants to be happy. 

I hope he will prepare his 
lessons well. 

We do not like to play football. 

I went to see him, but I could 
not find him. 


62 


(Note that in most of the above examples the conjunction 
, that, is implied,,) 


Exercises: 

y J LuL T C JlJD 

? JL- j X_fc> b*^ 

• {is'. «-**-*- ^ 
f X Ju_to b*^ I 

f X j ^ X_fl> L«X-» jS ( ) 

® i» j L>*f I wi 
f x<j» *.»■- j l j> l^i ^ uS^ 

Ve* L> ^JuJ X-fe l^jiwk* I 

» X J ^ v l ^ <— *X b 

e y^jx ^ 

f X j j*' b*w i A-- X* I jX-jJ lj->- 

VJ !x- c^bf <£J jU 


? <-> X J I X' C.J IT *5"» V L>- 


jl o^r ^ ^ 

e X Lw J 4-.t, 3 ' bfc bjX* 

C.^ ^ Lto Lb-«■■«« >- ' XJ IjXX b T 

y x jj I 

• r -J^ (* * *-' 


What do you want to do? 

I want to go. 

Where do you want to go? 

I want to go home. 

Where do you want to go 
tonight? 

I want to go to the movies. 

To which theater do you want 
to go? 

I do not know where to go. 

Which picture do you want to 
see? 

I want to see Gary Cooper’s 
picture„ 

If you want to see Gary Coo¬ 
per’s oicture,' you must go 
to tha Praaidio. 

I cannot go to th# Pr»«idio 0 

Why can you not go there? 

Because 1 do not have a 
card. 

If you do not have a card, 
what will you do then. 

I must wait till this picture 
comes to one of the theaters 
in town. 

Can you not go to the Fort 
Ord theaters? 

No, I cannot go there either. 


63 - 



V JU^ j L ^ JLu> L-1” 

« ^ j L I jS 1 Ijiwo < <j 

? j l.l £C *4 <»>■ 

l> J" CrJ |-' A *> i 'f # 

i sju_ft JL I^ Jui5” ^ C *4 

« ^5 J L Ijjf I J L J>. 

a I JL, ^ Ijp-s+J I J JuJi' 

? jl l < ^ |^h ji j 3T x L»ji» 

• ti 

e I JL, I^J I _j 4j l-> ^ j JL L 

« *^5* I JL, l~ T r^ JL> . 

r L>£ 
• J x v-^f 'fy 

( tS ) L L-.*.,' 2 1^ J u J uT jLw UyL 

« jujlS' ^ L jlj V L>. 


Vocabulary; 

to want 


1 J C^W J J 

to like 


can, to be able 

O J 1? J -z* * 

to be hopeful 

U^ 1 *& 

to let 

o J x 

to be possible 

juL 

must, ought 

juLi 

perhaps, maybe 


that 

IjL 

lest 


Can you open this lock? 

No, I cannot open it* 

What are you doing? 

I like to open this lock. 

Please give me the key, I 
think I can open it. 

1 cannot find the key. 

Do you think you have lost it 

I do not think so. 

1 must go home and find it. 

Excuse me, 1 think I found it 

Where was it? 

It was in my trousers’ pocket 

Please, take the key and see 
if you can open it now. 


0 jJ 

to find 

O 6 

to think 


to think 

O f 

to lose 


to begin 


beginning 

O J~T \j* 

to forget 

tj 

happy 

JLftS^i^ ^ J 

I wish 

J LmJ 1 JL' J 

dentist 


64 




LESSON XVII 


The phrasal preposition , which is a short form 

* 

of Jhx j J > in front of, with, before, near, at, etc., 
is used in place of the preposition , whenever the 

action of such verbs as ^ jJ , to come; f to go; 

O *i>jF > to bring; o^j-. * to carry or take, is directed 
to or toward a person or an animate object. 

1 am coming (or come) to you. 
Come to me. 

He comes (or is coming) to me. 

He must go to the dertist. 

Please go to the commandant. 

We are going to the doctor, 

Ho not go to him. 

Bring your book to me. 

Bring him to the dentist. 

Please do not bring this food 
to me. 

To which doctor are you taking 
him? 

We are not taking our books 
to the instructor. 

Bring your troubles to me. 

Also note the use of this phrasal preposition in 

the following examples: 

? Where were vou yesterday? 

« r. 1 was with my brother. 

- 65 - 


* O* J^tx 

J Lj I Uy J ^ 

• J~x 

* j *0* u~x l j 
* jl Lw j Lj I jl *j ^ 

O* L ^ ^ \y± 

a 

? A j-^i 4 J ^ ^ J^ix 

^ p-** -A* l 

O* <-A* l 



f o ^ j jt, J bT 

a _jl * 4 -' 

? c .«» $ % bs” 


fc £ J <->r* 

• - 1 cr J~ix 

fc«n(l L*_jt j i ■ ».! « « > • <jI ju Li" 

* £—*. 1 « 4-L 

j L \j ^ j 1 a. ^Sd !>>■ 


;L 


i j <? 




4^-v** u* d** b O c ~“' * o^** 
a.^ dd 4jj_a ^_».1 j-J» jC j j *S 

j ^ O b* u -i^>- 

? Jujb j_ #C *b o 1 -^ 

cr^ bo ^u~ty J >*“ c —' * o^ 


j* J br*" 


~^u~ r ' 
.ala l» ««*» I u I 


J-cUjC j a c— I 
S L- U-ut 


o^* 


>i u I a * *- . * 4 a .'.a l^>v ^ aj> j~^ s 4 ,*l>». I 


b- yj* 


? ju j* jl ai (5* j d- I ^5d 

* r jl 

r a~_A jl b b a I jl* c .. x > I ^5d 

I , J . C. 


r-s f 


a# a. « 




I J6 L>- 4j l->= ( j a ) _j_j ^ I 
f a- jl a LI 

-m- '# (~it c-b * {J j * *-b 


Were you with your father yesterday 
No, I was not with him. 

'/ho hrs (with whom is, her book? 

I have it. (It is with me.) 
bo you have Jamshid’s pencil? 

Yes, I have it. 

Please give back his pencil to 
him, 

1 do not have it with me now, 
it is in the house. 

tfill you please send your servant 
to help me during the week-end? 

1 am very sorry , our servant left 
us last week. 

May 1 have your fountain pen? 

I do not know who has it. I thought 
I gave it to you. 

Can I (will you permit me to) stay 
with you for the week-end? 

Of course, you can stay with me 
as long as you wish. 

May I have a sheet of paper? 

1 do not have any paper. 

May I have your pencil? 

I am sorry, my pencil is not 
with me, I left it home today. 

Have you any money? 

Yes, 1 have, but 1 do not have 
any with me. 


66 - 


Exercises; 


—_ 

AX? 

^Xx? 

w? XX? 

f-^ 


— 


^Xxy 

>S xx?~ 



■- 




& 



— 

[A* 

cJjj 

lAr 

r*> 

jpS j 


——■ 

(&X? 


vxix? 


J L«u 1 wL' J 


— 


C-i 




Jx% 

— 


C—J 4ZJj 

^1 4ZJj 

r 1 ^ 

^ tla ^ bi 1 


—— 


i 

j;l 4zjjj 

r 1 

_-- 


— 

t < J y. 

J Xl 

s>' J _* 

C J >; 

J? Ij ^ 


—— 




c 



— 

CJ tj ^y>- 

C-J^ JLA 


cJ, ^1^ 


i 


C_Jj JLfl» 1 


^ r A, >^' 



Substitute the following verbs for the one in the above 
table and make as many sentences as you can: 

to come; to bring; to carry; 

to send; to be 

- 67 - 





















Make as many sentences as you can out of the following tables: 




L 4. T t L 


(* i/r 


J Lww I <JL J 

v-A» 


tL *X>j tL 4ZJj 




jujur 


jl-L 
xU 
*SL 
I jL 
Is 

'j- 


-y 


•'S 






Jjr. 

r-^ r- 1 ^ 


Jlw L 4 J^/ 

u-X - 

r^L < ^5"J |n*i - 

u-r 

• » j 



j LuJ 1 «JL>* 0 X1* 

* ( r^-iL 4 jb —,ji 

vXmJv L 4 J 

u -i L * j 

**£ L< 4 j h,^ ^ Lm> ^.pI« 




J ^ Jutii’ 



- 68 - 




0 0 9 © 

JLwC 

:<■ 

r 5 - 



0 0 0 © 



r* 



0 0 0 © 

ju«!» L- • 

4 jjX 

1 

4 J^X 

b j^Crt) 

/ \ *•'', 


0 0 0 © 

<x^L « j^X.° 

L< 4 J^X 

|#a*t La 4 J^hC 



0 0 9 © 

ujS'j L 



•• 


• POO 

jjX? jL 

\S& j L 

^ J 



© <fc © © 

j-«iL 4 j^XL 

^oa»i Li 4 *j^X J L 

La 4 J^X _J La 

b j J 

C--U,l ^JaS^. 

©99© 

>i-l» Ll 4 J ; Xa j Lai 

^•**i L 4 J^i j l 

^4ii La 4 j Li 


C —^ 

0 4 9 9 

J jJ^ 


f J>^ 


-XL 

0 0 4 0 



fjy^ 


JL/ Law 

0 © 9 © 

JUw t 4 

L=i 4 

4 

l> *^o-J 

1 

0 ©. © © 

JLakV Lai 4 la 

^ja<* Li 4 Jj^>4l 

^-ui L 4 v3^;^_Xti 



© © © 0 

JL- _^a^ 

is* y^. 

r--£| 



0 0 © © 

JU 

(s^y** 

fi A' 



©00 © 

laLoi Li 4lijS 

a L 4la*^> 

U/ 0 


l> u-J 


0 0©© 

Smi La> 4«rfjXa 

• 

^-«-AA/ L AafcAJLs* 





- 69 - 






Q 

jj> U* \j l j y orj J 




• b 

f^.bp*** 



• LjLwthi 

fA 1 ^ 



* f J >s J La L' 

r A, > a Sr* 



« ^ww ^w«J JL ■Jf-lS' 



« 

gi'-iA? J^J 5 * ^ 

^aLp^ 

f fcL^CC/ JLJ> 

0 * 

uU-us" ^.i ji v ur i 

r A, > i ^ 


f j ^ U b b 



4 

« ^5" ^r**^ 

r A, >S- 


* r^ 

or*/-*-* b ^ 

i-a^p^ 


< x Ujj 

commandant 

6ji 

sheet 


trouble, care, 
difficulty 

o 

to send 


last 

Jj j-iiS' 

shoemaker 

eU 

help 

jLal; 

lunch 

»•■■&■ »tf L*4 

regretful, 

sorry 


letter 

o*r. > J >^ 

fountain pen 


walk, promonade 

o x'L 

to stay, remain 

4j\^bS 

book store 

«Lji 

of course 


package, parcel 


70 


LESSON XVIII 


0 jjf Jib -bib 

<J-£* ^ * *£^jl J» ^ C—(jA* 

? JuA -bib 



? „\ j£~ Jolb ^ A-?' *; v>J 

JlJ^« *^->- <X»» * 1 yXj ' *-b 

? x«. ^y V.A p.. A?* *■? j-* bj* 

«ja 3 ^« *«>- 

*/ 

X£ o ^-5 * 4 -' 

cJb-L xs u^J bT 

<1 « 4 < 

r ^Ai* x _yy 

• ( ^ jlL ) x* ( x L ) <>A 

?( X JlL ) xA X* bj 

y L-i L ^-.^>*. j 

(jl^ b UkJ C«,l 

9 fi«* 

oA j j A A. A *>• y a-a 


C«wj J Jujy«* '— , ( ^-*“ XL< oA"** b-u. 


f 1 " ...I y. t . < -JL ?( L J 

A 4 ^blS* X^A?* 


fcJ. ) 


*( 


A t p-4, y xAi 4 *-r J * *A 
J-Jjw —*)->• AA ( ^ 

* j^lx ^ C/i* 


>L • % L A-fcJS^ ,^y (_>«— 


U» ^ 


r xA~ - -r 
r j^ ux u 

? ( XjX-. CJCi. ) 

? cA* 4 


? c... >■ L 4 *- ^ ^ 


- 71 - 





j I J L >« ( ) i 


* r 


^ J JLk* < *JL 

J with great pleasure 

^ JUS' L* 
with great pleasure 
* J j I JU yrLfc* fg+A t 4j 

jl ; Ja*b j-* w^* 


i, «jr ^,1 yjL-. vu L.r 

f JuJ I Jl*4 L 

1/ J-. JUT t’ ^ Li* 


f JLJ I JU, ^ *■» J/l, ~ L 


yr-JBjL ' jUT L • 

? ^ 

f ^ j ^w ‘ — «.« <!•_>- I UI 

c — * ' 0-^*“ v>* ^ 


V «M. 1 JSui» 


-bib lj 4l*JT jj_>- 



? L<i ^ 

urv 1 * C.US" f 

U .b)ub « 4-i 

(i c. Lis' Jaib a>-Su-«j J L>. 


» C—Ji«l» 

f c« i jsUu 

-bib 

pronunciation 

it means 

^ -bib 

to pronounce 

ci«, hard, difficult 

J-. JU L 

with great pleasure JSbl. difficult 

jjs 

fast 

some, a few 


to know 

c.UJS' words 

Sj *£ 

some, a little 

JUS' perfection, utmost 


completely 

J-* inclination, desire 

*X» > J J® 

in case, provided 
that 

slowly 

O'-*-"* 

meaning 

JsjJl condition, bet 


- 72 - 




LESSON XIX 




( i L* ' « jL ^ J j ^ 


“£* wUiL <J L»* J J Jl^> ) 


fjt-j^ " j j |. X- * o — ! ^Jx 


> 4 ^ ^**>4 ♦ i / 4 *“* ^ U * t 

jya^>- U*t u *-»- < 4 ( (jLM L *J Li- Jy ) 


r sjujis* ? c-J 

^ ^ 4* u J ^ U-i -*kJ J 1 — \>j ^L* 

* '-44 jL J i^^ J jlS 4^\y u Jj 

v ^ 1 {* J r^ ^ c '~ ,l > A i 4 ,J j t>-^ 4 “ f* 0 4 - • oA* 


U’-^r*' ci"*" 4 * h 


^ y dJ ,J i L> ^ J * >i cJ6_s* 


^pi I > i s t ^ vjL- j j l * jl ju I #5 ^ • i • j^ s ■ 


i--» ij-i;*’ L»-^U jl f* r *U Cr^ 

? c ~ l ^L*. fiLi- » uruJj — * 

4^3 j uj-> b J c — 1 V ^ ^ ^ U- J U. U-i UkJ JI __ : u lt 

j,Ij (J ^4“ * 4. L*_Jt J-i- ( 4w j J 

f 4 * ^* ^ j j l j l « « j > L>iS* ^ I ->- sjLwxL> 9 sXJt^st LJ 


C J 4 - 4 * 1 ^ 


C •■ > » I 4 Lt J J '^4 4^' — • i ^-S.w« 


Cwj JU ^ ^ i f sU J ^<4 4U*<^ J 4 __ f ^ 1 f 


• r i /£• 


73.-- 



_ : jit 


r ju j ^ * 4 -—* j /? 

r< *A jl r. u— JL» u L J r^'-^ *^~ * 

&** !v-~ 

*( Jl-U ^Ua* i*j? ^U. j jyL-. jL C/t 1 


«jk rr*- J* Cx) ‘ ^ x ’ 


- : ju 


U j» jjL ^ j^~T i i'—^ ^ * 

^ u yX l. J J 1 


i I 9 JU 


^ c- J J 4j*J O* 


4 L« j j d. ju j iJ 
* u-“ i J O r J J-- 1 


Li;l * jU f 3L. 

• >. * 

—• &JZ~* 

_0-» ^ lj» * r p 

-• r u 

^A* *>*" ^ 'H J A 


* uA. 3 " 


1 —jiaJ 


* Or* f 

- ' r u 

#» 

J j u'r J l t l 

- = ,> 

j- * J k V^** 

! * t 

jl ^. V-P" Ij u- w ^ J 

- 

* ls'^'jj o L J A* 

- : ^ 

*■—— * J ^Ar*“ 

! ^ *. t 

^ L j ^ U- 

- : ^ 

^ J ‘-^. ^ i — 

— # j-*~u*+ 


74 .,- 









* * 0““V^ < ^ *£ * U^>r b * J 

* U^JU^ 3 V^*“ * L> w M^ ( or-^j J fvi^UJL f 

V 

t <**J Ijj I iSjJ / (J dij-w I J * r 

• 0 J l£^ » L; ^ * c ,- ; 


? ddA a**; j ^JLJb^ l j UJI Lj 1^ — ♦ 

« xL^) I X p j V JL Ijt e ^ I i. l ««J — t d ^*-« * « 

f ■ i « » I jj L* ^ ^ J d ^ j.> j I jL j ^ I jS JLw I JU« _ • 

f jl J u d—jJ u Jj (Cm. 1 ^l— I u.-L.J*’ ^ * * ‘■V-2 — • 'SjrZ-Z* 


L» f* j b «).^>.i5 1 *jl j5 1 Xj$u4 j j^- 6o» <j L y»»( ^ lj *5" 


e i l . i ^ ^ jL j ) J uJ^C* j jL * -- ■«* l 


1 J -rf» 

noise, sound, voice 

• V- >& o 

• V 

What a surprise 

>-> 

dear 

o J / jL - 

to remember 

c. Ju 

time, space of time 

jidi. 

difficult 

*Ja— 1 

because of 

0 LJ 

easy 


news 

O J^. 

to believe 


indeed, truly 


j eke 


to be sure 

urM 

clothes, dress 

CL* Jl>> 

service 

u jfc_^J 

Polish 

\ >lX 

strange'. 


Greek 

«JI LlI 

1 hope, Deo Volante, 
God will 

if ^u. 

Hungarian 


s. 76 j- 


LESSON XX 


The student has already learned some basic verbs 
in Persian such as , to do; j , to have; 

q jl j , to give; etc» Some other useful basic verbs 
are: 

to strike, to hit, to beat 
to eat, (to drink), to receive (as a blow) 
to draw, to drag, to pull, to weigh 
The main characteristic of such simple verbs in Persian 
is their " fusibility "—their power to combine with other 
words to form verb-phrases, some of which are called 
compound verbal 
Examples : 


• Ali hits the ball. 

f j j ijS Who is knocking at the door? 

• Jj <;U. j J ,j— ->■ Hassan knocked at the door. 



to ring « to rust 


±?j-. Please, ring the bell, 

• ^ J j st J 'j r* 1 Today they rang the bell late. 

* Jj This machine is rusted. 


Xjj lUs* Gold does not rust. 


O J j to speak, to utter 


* 'hiy *~*y U ' 


Do not speak English, speak 
Persian* 



What language are you 

speaking? 


76 











. . i’, 

Why do you speak so much? 

0 

to call 

ti^Lw JL \J>j* 1 JL*> Ij jl ^ l’t I* ^ ij 

Please call him to come. 

Who is calling me? 

9 j-J-u. 1 a^» *<» j* j h u —*• 

Hassan is eaUiAg limit* 

f ^ ^~° ^ 

• Jj 1 J~a J 3L>- 

Whom were you calling? 

He called Jalal. 

^ >A*^ ^ J-O _J 1 JUJk I^>w4 l^> 

Why do you want to call 
him? 

O J J c — J 

to touch, to clan hands 

■ T.'VfrVt 

* '*~yj~t J 

You must not touch this. 

» J-wLl~*» J ^ 

Do not touch anything. 

? Jj C«J ^ 

JL wj^ C«.4W J jl ^ 1 

Who touched this picture? 

they applauded (clapped for) 
him. 

« JL JjJ 0^441 J ^JLu>» 

They did not clap much. 

u J j * u J J jl J 

to shout 

f AJ^4 jl J i*Ji *> J 1^/ 

9 ^ J ^ J ^ ^ ^ 

Why do you shout so much? 

That man was shouting. 

? JLJ^ J J.«J[» JL-J ^ y* ■« L 1 

Can you shout any louder? 

o J J ^ 

to heat someone, to pive 
a beatinp 

jj d^ ^ 

? jlj^m dr,.f lj jl ^ < ^ , »’ 

Feerooz beet Bahrain . 

Why are you beating him? 


77 - 











« jl* L 

I must beat him very much. 

jU 

p^ie . anv musical instrument 

,j jj jL. 

to nlav music (to hit on 
a musical instrument) 

• fS? V>*“ O* 

* v>* oAj 

? Ju. Jj* jJ-J© JLc* ^ J*-o» Irf* 

I play the piano well. 

1 do not play ths vislia well* 

Cen you beat a drum? 

9 •Ays* jyftr^ A 

He is blowing (hitting) 
a bugle. 

9 >Hh* jjxr 1 

A bugler bugles. 

o J J 

to plough 

y X J^* Jjk ^ o^v ^ 

Who ploughs the land? 

9 <J^ b Crzv o J 

The farmer ploughs the Ifnd. 

4 -D c^ b CrtV ^ <j&** 

They may have ploughed the 
land. 

o J J JA 

to deceive, to cheat" 

« J-u ‘j* Jjff jl JLuJ l^ .«J 

You cannot cheat him. 

9 fit/? * A l4 ; ^ 

9 jL iO J Jj£ b 4 >W~z. *-?v 

tie must not deceive anyone. 

Do not deceive the poor 
child. 

T 4i J J J> *r *$*/? 

Why did you cheat me? 

u4? * fj*. JA *; ^ { > J Sr ,J 

9 (•j ^ ^ 

I did not want to cheat 
you, 1 just could not 
help-lt* 

o J J ^/T 

to slumber, to doze 

• J"> J-^r* *->~^*-* 

He always slumbers ( or 
dozes off ) in the class. 

- 78 « 














o$p gii, 

\ ■ ' ■ 

In Persian (colloquial speech and to some extent in 
literary language) you eat liquids, medicine, etc. as well 
as solids. 


f 4 U 

O 4 C^L«« JJ J jJk 

4 >» 

* **i ( V T 

f •* J 4 .L * y? 

• r-^ 1 ' 4 -^ o>? 

I 

^jy*~ 4 ’*** 

• 4-<P j Lj 

o-^** J A f> o-i* 'S ij-? 

• J *-*s. 
y"5*~ J~?r5~ Ju *■••&£ 


He is eating some bread. 

Have you had any lunch? 

Every day at ten o’ clock 
I drink (eat) a cup of 
coffee. 

This water is polluted, 
do not drink (eat) it. 

Why do you always hav* to 
talcs asdic ins ? 

Because I am sick all the 
time. 


to grieve, to be grieved. 

to worry 


He worries much (is much 
grieved)„ 

He was much grieved (or 
worried) over the money 
he lost. 

Ho not be grieved (or do 
not worry), everything 
will be all right. 


<J j j>*’ , to eat, is often used to express the conse¬ 
quence of o J J , to hit. It is usually interpreted in the 
nature of a passive voice verb. 


jA* j « iikS I j 


Hassan beats -ali, and ill 

f ets beaten (received) by 
from) Hassan. 


- 79 - 






c/* o y? 'Vj*. J/ */• 

• py*?* 

He cannot d«c#iv« n» be¬ 
cause I am not to be de¬ 
ceived (literally, I do 
not eat deceit). 

Vj 5 c«v* *; y* 

When you throw the ball to 
the ground, the ball hits 


(eats) the ground. 

' x !>^ ch^ *; J J 

9 Jr; 

The farmer ploughs the land, 
the lend becomes ploughed 
(eats spade). 

c— j Jj- u —^ 

• J jy^* c —" J J.* 

When (if) someone touches 
this money, it (the money) 
gets touched. 

« Cw ^ < J jy>** C— ^ J cJ'L 

This envelope (letter) has 
not been touched (Opened), 
it has remained intact. 

o f- 5 

to take (eat) an oath, to 

swear. 

« Jl ^ UjL-- ^ 

Ho not swear so much. 

• J ^-t*J *■ w *«-A 

He always swears. 

9 J^>>- 0-1 J-»-* J 

He took an oath when he 
entered the army. 

O J </>*" 

to collide, to be upset 

a 0> J^_4w 1 ^1 ■>, >4J? ^ 

The cars collided. 

9 J J>*“ f** 

He got sick. He felt sick. 

9 f-*- ^ J 

*>4* O-Jjw ^4^ lj *y\> 

^y stomach is upset. 

If you stir the coffee, it 
will be stirred. 

9 J jy^ fti 

9 J J> i ’ 

a ( X’) ^ J L-w j J 

The meeting broke up. 

Two airplanes collided in 


- 80 


The meeting broke up. 

Two airplanes collided in 
the eir c 





? I JjJ IL I 

• wU-i£ la_»- *jb C.Ui'^J 
« <JL> J «i 5 " J 5 > I ^ ij 

« *1*1-* * '■Sj ,) u~~* * J 

« ( I j j 

* 1 ^ * < 1 ^ ^ J krL> J J L'W.y* ^ (JL> «J 

« X-il ^*-» V« ^ 

J -' >? ^ 0 # € ^ >X~ZS I j ^ Jyi~ jj j+ • 

a 

^ JL ^ J t ~w 
£>*♦■• ^ j J ,j ^ & .**■> 

O J <J 

« JJ Ju>u5^ j tj j i,_/*-^‘ ^ j j J>>bw 
^ w U/.f clJ L?-->- 
cJb>.>. Jjji. JL jt >- 

« ju.<*5 

, c—«H cj lU-A- ^-L-*. 

O * ^ J ^ 0**J ^ ^ ^ ® 

« *-» 


to draws to dregs to pull: 

to weigh 

Can you draw the map of Iran? 

Underline the new words. 

They crossed his name off (drew 
lines on his name). 

Her skirt was dragging along 
the ground, 

bo not pull my hand. 

The dentist pulled my tooth. 

Please weigh these apples. 

Today I weighed myself; I 
was 150 pounds. 

to smoke (cigarettes) 

Smoking is forbidden in class, 

to lie down 


The students lay down on the 
grass, 

to be ashamed; to be shy or 

bashful 

Hassan was ashamed of his 
wrongful act. 

Ali is a very bashful (boy). 
to work hard 

Mr. Larson was one of our 
hard-working students. 


- 81 












LESSON XXI 


( *-»L' ) di-^S 


( 4. 4 wiX-^X 1 1 , JL Ju_A lj_>w 

X* j c-5\ j it*X jut 


/>» 






JL >^_>w I 


r* 


Jl> L 


JL syX* LJvui^ JL/ jL.ft ^ 


< . j * j '-lXL jilX 

« J '.»i»i' \S j j 

r r* / 

IX> ^ *-»• (* j 1 J {* 

'•—XL ,_£yi 2 X ^ J dt-^S J_»_- 

? ,j5 4_> x L 
i * 

J-»*w f ^JL>- 

a*;L^>w ^ _/-* j vL :. j* ^ 



•^^rJ-^ u ® J» _j j ^ 4 »*■'/£/ '■j J * 

^ y*-* 

x, L 4-> cXL ^ 


'-Xz ^W U*^ ^ J—^ 


a J L^.»i/^ «J..4fc ^ : 


.Jz\ *4*j (J j) * JL^ J I 


Q JL 


^ .j* <»rv 


tf 4U 


>T ,-* 1 J 4 ^ • 


-—.fX* 4S rr ^S J.^ « -1 :•:.. jj 

^ ^ bU/>rtW 

~>^ >>’J J 


J 




J ^ X ^ J lj 4 ■ ^ "1 .. . j « . jl 




cXL . . ^ 

V V V 


• 4 -f L^*- 4 

*^X ,jr ^->X !j 4 J., ^-»J ^ 

O 

• r**t y~. 

? c~J ^j\S 4 juj4> r l LJ 

r jX jl L 4 j > 

( i - • * 


f 


<J> 

V 



V ^-W L^vS^ ^ ^ 





#* 

jl 


- 82 






J u^ 


i o ** 3J r** . y 


a 4<J1w 


/S U c 


•» u 


f&i ' J A f-* >^Ai 


’*—-^ L J 1 -— - - - • J j j/L *«•* £ j j ^ 

0 J »w ^ JL L 

•» • V • II . 

AsV c ~~? ^ l -J < A J ^*- ; 

f ^—«w L 


^ ^ L ^ j L- 


„p~i~ 


i^*j 


Jt^k c_. L 

> «/ v • 


«% r- 

LI • C -J,,.< T 0 ( oz „ \j~-'_*< ^r’ c h M - Ji ^j-; 
? c—- J j jjj> ll5L I j~j • j-o» 


* ^r. if"- *“' *'*" 


JL* 


) oL 


V* CJ-^- 


« «Jl 


,r. ^ cA> * A 


^d-**_ xl ^ jl J it 15 jj> 
0 4*y L J * J X L” I ' j -#-^ 

•. I </ 1 •• * 


r' 1 

* C —~v J C ; 1 J o’--"t O* f *- 

j^ 5 j ^« < * j J * j ^ 5-a _ix 55 

e AA l» .A w-t* J.jj j-* * A 


jl L U5 l ; 


^ ^.L ^ jj~> 


j S»j> ^x-ij l— w L 
? Jui5~. 

« c—* * j L j ^Jl_»- ? * L j j 

(jA J ^ i L 

r jxl5-, 

At* A *> a c —^ *-u~« 


di-> JI »> 

v W V 




? C-l f J* 

*W«AU ^ J*-' ^ JL rnJ ^ 4»» 


OJL J^a* L 4U I. 


L.r 

? c~*J 

C i I ^j 5 < M 


1 0 LL* Ijf 


; J l»* L-i L* * f5~*+ ^A"** 

^ JL ^ * J ^ *5 4*» LL . 

* ^ * *»« * ^ *.A jx *5 ^L* ^ ^-4 L jix* 
? j^^L-i»/ ^ LJ j-'+* 

4j *. > JL^ X l jjj jA L-i^ 

y ^ sr. 


- 83 - 








J J 


11 


, 1 v*L jjj <j L 


e 


cj Jiz ~~'J 9 ** JJJ f* O* 

4^ Ju L ( ^ ^ ) 


Q .<. ir. 


Jl^5 L jAj 


«, c b itL< 


, U: I 


UoJ * ' 


vlyjw 








r ^ 






^ ^ - ‘ A ^ -' - M ) ’ . 1 J t 

. * J L. ^ J j*^ J J 

« JJk I 


- ut' 




a O— A JL J . , -.■** J) b—c*. A JL b ^ 
vJ_^< < J~t*^ L> ^^ v - ■ - « ■““ w) bwlik £ V_- ^«b->* 

J ^ 0 ft«> 4 >v £ ^ "S/ 0 ^4 J tf ^ 'il J / Irf e IT L- ! ... 

J ^- 4 ' t j j-* ® j * r**% 9 j ^ J j l—$->“ 

ft U-S icl^ 

«. Jij L>- ! Jt»- 

e P-*lJ J OtlS'viL s ft-L 
I 

* ^- > ' ! ^ C -" u ** J Jp *J 4 «-* 5 «JL 

4 Jj - J>>* « j ^r Lju*’? ft-»jk 

'C^y. 


*,» *'*-^' t>-^" _>:.* 


* ft ir. ± ' i ' i ->- L' 

? c_~ I cbc_ UjJ U 

V . •• M 

f jl b5 L > t 

*w ^,a ^ oi 15" ^ ! « UI JL* 

? *V J ,*J ^ ^r*- ^ J *-T * A ij '/J 

av 

J ^ ^ '^' r * 1 ^ 1 

? —« «J 

c a . ^ 5 ^»u ,j L^ 4iX ^ ^ y** ^ 

K* " 4 ^' 5 ^ ^ J (V-* j; * ^ 

^ »Jl^. .A Jb 


« -1 sl> I_>-1 J.»- J y~b+ ^JLi- 
T jlo^i J ai-tf ir 
? JL J ^ ^ to l_A Otis' LI 


**1 ^ iv '’ ^ W (-n? 


84 


Vocabulary 



paper, letter 

j j L 

postmen 

4U V 

1 ^tter 

O A; L "j . 

to deliver, to 

Cr-r> 

c5L 

to write 

envelope, paper bap 


cause to reach 

anyhow, in any 
case 


to fold 


parcel post 


to stick, to ceuse to 

*j>- L 

ticket window 


stick 

( t/j > > if 

to sell 

• JUfZ 

a person to whom p 
letter, etc. is ad¬ 


registered 


dressed, e. payee, a 

receiver 

^ j-*~ *j Lfi’i 

to be nrnre, 

L 

- U ~ J> 

middle 


to odd 


O 

to register 


a sender, shipper 

w 




*-Ju 

rest, remainde: 

>r*- 

0 a ** i ^ 

corner 

stamp (postage) 

to take long, to last 

0 J1 J u~» 

to return 

receipt 

to throw 

* 

to reach, to arrive 

O 4:. 

to buy 

A 

approximately 



uJj 

weight 


parcel post 

O 

to weigh 




to mail 




box 



«*—..•' ■> 

j J 

post office box 

meanwhile 




es 



LESSON XXII 




V r. 0 ^ U # j aj>-4 £-J 

1* i*_u ^ o ^L»«*.A ^«e L w> t <,, « .* « . >• < <)■ » > J <«b f ^ — • J'**** ^ 

. (c»w o U ^u - ju- ( r i ) - : 

pi b-l£ ,j 4 ->- “ b* „^l>l jS- C— J J j. 3 L« - 

? Ci..«»I b <*. L» » JL s U « * *« - dd ^1 — 


4 J-Jtp I y£~ _Jl_>L L«t i ^- dd j I *A jJ L>“ _ 

? X j/ - jl ^ jL 




«-L * fc JL** j-pjL '-A j* J 1 ^ a 5 o j^ia_p ^>*‘» «*■> L«i J L - If I I* __ « jj£ 


Jjj ^1 j& Jy vAJfc 1 ^ 




bil 


r.$ju * J y 


» ^ j ^ d-tj d_^ j *jji5u *■** b > ! ■> ■ * * b Cm I jl* ^ j 4^ 

r^y*~ *+kijj j j o+ oC —** j-} * • * b » * —r 

j Jj* JL*»l^»- *■*■*■* j ^ 

• 4J> 4jj j jj J J ;L«J 4 JL*J 

* ^ d;j d_^ <w cf */; un* — • 

b .* * j I JL^ df *J bf' I «J*"^ * p iJ b <f <lL _ « *. K » * « > • 

f *XpLj b* d*J d_* <w ^A jj b«J b«“ ^mj^> 


- 86 - 






_>• I * JLA i-i <U ^ t _ « 


r aS' 


* -^*0 J j»^ ^ « L — *■< ^ ^ CL »*■** J’*O L * f I, ^*WW ^j-<->- 


_ J Jl-*1, 


• jJ JLSb I 


*>*“ J ti 4 ; ^4* 


V—■ ■*>' I <j j*->—ft> ^y*" i.*^ ^. S ..* L> < ^s>- j 1 1 .w.i — • r^ 


? (<-** *>»" f r J |-^ Cr* — 


„)u ■*!»■>- 


( jy*“ ^"T ) j ^ C iyt* b* ® t *«■ — *«> 1 J Li j *Cj_j vi-Lw _j C^5 (..j ^ jj L»- — * y^ 


(<• Jr. j ^ ur 




!>c.l c; 


r~* 


* jj J cA-** jy* 


^-WhS^ Li-ui lw I ^ J ^ ■■■ < J f C* . JL ^A ^UJ J Li ^ J ^ CuJ I — 

Cr+ ^r-*-: *> ^ ^ f J y c '-~ 1 '-ry~ p. Jr. u+j ^ *t ft* l >~ 4 jjj y* ^ — 


JL-t« 




; ' 3JJ *3 f* _J 


L <c»t« ^ j jj-L L 






j ^ j j 


tr 

1* JL I ail* ^ jy** , ^~ w ^ j b>w b ^ jyj jy** '—"~y ^ ** > * " ^ ^ 4* ( 


I j: *->- .1 <» (j,Jj - * * «-»* 


£—*» Jcul> Cl—' jj J ^A ^.L*-»* J Cl—**. J l->- « *A J I t C— I C«** ^ J iJL — 




JL~i« 




*-L J>j-^ Jl j I J f L-S ^ ^ _J Cl—ui I * jj-** 


,> *5 c j 1 J j ^ jr. jy~ &r. ^ ^ /-^ , - 




- I x-t* 


87 



















jlL ^ jUL jij-vy-. jla juJy- jUiy-c-i *-v.x-L b -' 1 




rj > v li * 1 *-. , ^.i,***-•=-«>' 5 r l ' J ^r*“ '• p ' 1 

,_1 ■ > I j$l ^A l*-i ;! J 4jl JjL ^ •* ^ 

« juj5 A-^^A j ‘VA* 

' i >' > ;j*^, ’ w XlJ • ^ «-# i' 4L*t C 1 -* - - * • 

a f- jy^* 4 A-* A J ^ ’-v^f j j *^yr ^lt** — 

• -,.. — f *- •“-* tx ■*■- O -■ 

? c^A <-► <»—_}->• ^ L w — 

q «xJt L*j jl ( ^ r 5 <lSj->- dj c .xl«t« jS 1 ^ >- ^ » J —* 

» ‘■" -■■ I 4 1^ CjLx <iL L-, j)Z j_y** '^ m t? ^ b>sJL ^ j “ * *’-■** ® J jt« « — 

* .*•*•-» Kt ♦ *-»" V * -v .v C. *** 

? c...** 1 ^ ^Jl*->- L 5 o ^-ua5^ cLn5^->- ^ 4^ 

? ^rA ^A jrw J C^cL-, C-* j /Ar — 
* c^A ^5?5 v ‘ - ■ *■ a r . j .t <» f jj ! ju <x < wL —» 

? ^w-u 4w U«^ Ij «L ft — 








JlJl*^- 




J > «,*♦,>- 


^ Ju^ ^ 4 v-..««< ^ JL I aZJj* L^i I ^ Uw k U*t 4 JLL •> « ^5^ 

let d_, L>= J l- ~ ■ «»i- A JJ«frL»v be 9 ^ y^J ^ik b ! J^n. nfr < J >L.>^L. 

» JLj 5* ^Sj^- be ® j-*“ *■ "* - « * ■■ Jl jLe ^ be-Jt 0 

^ It» ^ b< 4^ l_^ y V. . < * . A l ~ . ‘ . jt +tt { J j9 g ^ b^ eti y _ t J j.. <*«■>■ 

* 

« JoiL>»J JL>* 


I j^» b 


88 


JaJ •_>• ^ Jl»* —. » 









Vocabulary ; 



conversation 


telephone receiver 


alio 

4 a; . 

I (O.S. a slave) 

>-> 

dear 

* 1 4 Jui 4^- 

What has happened? How 
come? 

jL 

remembrance, memory 


as, so that 

u jl j < ^-»- 

to inform 

0 jjfj£ 

to think 

r* ^ 

together 

O 

to ask 

t-r/* 

the imperative root of 


a talk 


same 


to like, to desire 


vj * 'hx 

to find 


a park 

o~? 

grass, lawn 

JL- b 

so far, ever 

jy* 

yet, still 

A 

eye, mind 

j IbJm 

in the opinion of 

Cr* 

in my opinion 


I believe 

‘A 

lamb 


*kabab", roast meat 

'-r>r 

chicken 

d i 

along, accompanied 
by 

o J < ^ C * 5 A 

to start, to move 

Lwf 

fault, vice, defect 

Jj 1 ^' U.T5* 

it does not matter 

• j ‘‘-T 

it will not harm 


89 



LESSON XXIII 


The intransitive verb o ^ —to become, to get, 
to be, to turn out (to be), etc 0 , is one of the most exten¬ 
sively used verbs in the Persian language. Although it is 
mainly used as an auxiliary verb to form the passive voice, 
nevertheless, it retains its original effective aspect 
force, representing the act as the result of a development, 

SB1LE CONJUGATION OF O ^ 

INDICATIVE MODE 

. iS JL£ r JuS 

•••••*• p jul** 

• 9 • 0 * ^-*1 ^ I 4 JUS ^ ! 4 

.... Jjj 4 JUt ^ 4 JUS ^ Jj, 4 Jui 

..... J-i JUt JUS 


Present Tense: 
Past Tense: 

Past Progressive: 
Present Perfect: 
Pluperfect: 

Future: 


SUBJUNCTIVE MODE 


PRESENT Tense: 
Present Perfect: 


******** 

.... ^usL 4 jus ^l4jus 

IMPERATIVE MODE 


Singular 


Plural 




JU 


- 90 - 












The passive form of a simple (transitive) verb is made by- 
suffixing some form of the verb to the past participle* 


Examples : 


Passive Voice 


0 jl J 

t o give 

q jui 4 jl j 

to be given 

o 

to eat 

O 4 

to be eaten 


to see 

Jul 4 Jb J 

to be seen 

O 

to hear 

O 4 

to be heard 


to take, to catch 

. A s 

jj 

to be caught, 
to be taken 


to kill 

JUw 

to be killed 

O 

to bring 

(J 4 

to be brought 


to shut 

J-** 

to be shut 


Synopsis of the verb j jl J , to see, in the simple 
conjugation in the passive voice, first person singular number* 


INDICATIVE MODE 


Present Tense s 

Past Tense : 

Past Prog. Tense : 


« Jl- j 


. U-Jv d JL> J 


. a J 


- 91 - 





Perfect Tenses 
Pluperfect Tense 
Future Tense : 


4 JL-i 4 JL. J 
^ Jy> * Jui 4 JL J 
J 

SUBJECTIVE MODS 


Present Tense s 

Perfect Tense s 

The Passive of Compound Verbs Formed with , j . 


41 4i J ^ 

4 jl j ^5*1 


Nearly all the transitive verbs made with o form their 
passive voices by replacing o with q ^ • 

Examples : 



Active Voice 


Passive Voice 

o 

to open 

•, i v n, ; L 
U J ~ 

to be opened 

o J A ^ 

to repeat 

(J J 

to be repeated 


to introduce 

• 

J* 

to be introduced 


to clean 

a ^ dl 

to be cleaned 

O (te 

to finish 

O a -* i 

to be finished 

O 

to warm 

U ^ f 

to be warmed 

O ** J 

to make crazy 

O ^ ^ J 

to become ciazy 


92 







O to become dark 


Q jjZcL jb to darken 



to prepare 

O ^ to get (or to be) 

O 

to dismiss 

m 

O to be dismissed 

O J 

to cause to 

enter j Jui j to enter 

O 

to cure, to 

make well to get well 

O 

to tear 

O ^ to be torn 

O J j$ 

to force 

Q J-i to be forced 


to blacken 

a to turn black 


to whiten, to whitewash^ ^ to turn (or become) 

white , 

a 

to approve 

j to be approved 


ready 


While the above list and other similar ones do not necessarily 
have to be the passive of the verbs formed with j there are 

• l * 

a great number of other compound verbs formed with that do not 

have opposites in O -combinations but are purely intransitive 
verbs, and vice versa* 

j-i cJfcJL to understand, to come to know, to take notice 


,j Jui to become kind 

O “ to become (or get) night 

j J-i to become victorious 


- 93 - 



LESSON XXIV 








jL> ^ l j . I jS — • ^ j I 


>U^ if , x'_2> X-. ^ u JI_a ^L# v-** 4 ^ ^jl 


? JL j ^ J ij Lfe I 

L j-^- ‘ * *-” - -•■ 5 <—~<i»e I ^ La l>j.. «« «L» I JLw L jL t d_L — * \S J 


« jujS” ^ IX> 


^ £/■** V> * J ^ -^r. a -~*t ^ ^ 


pv-*-* t>X-^ — * 


j c—J ^X-^- j-A j^I « x 


V— • y* ® w) ^ 1 -*-^ Q ^ ^ ^ 1-4 


^1 


< ^ 4 , fo • wLi*( L sJL X ^ ^ «J ^Jlj ^ ^U-' ^ 


JUb 


#» a* 

^ >OX^ 1^/ I JL/ j I J W# ^ ^ 




^ (X» yj. m •) p~x J-* ^.w ^ yj* s *!> — J x-*->- 


»• 

J tr to 5 > i 'S 4 uA> p“* ^ 1 J 3 J-? 


<S 


fJXs- -! ^ jL* 


#• 

y ^ ® j ® jl a ^ l j ^ 




p. J >*\ j* ^r“ J -*-; ^ fX* J^r*“ c-L? **-X«J u -jliS — * 


IX 


O o* 


*X j. J <J .** <J Lj 


VL 


Or* 


jutL 


- 94 - 







Iji VI. 


b ^ b 4 ~* * “ ^ 4. >. t ' ^ 1 1 jl Ju 


Jj 


I ,J 


jr-&: y* Ot' J 


•J « c 


fi J ^-j {* a* — 


J l_A 


r 


I * 
r * »» 


[i 3 /I 


^ j ■ A », ^ . VJ^ ,i-~ 




Oui J 4L*V I J 


p. J Si 


JLw L >A 


/V L/*^r — ♦ \S J 




r c~*J 


wL-^ ^ 4 » u » CU^Lw 4 Juv L j ^IcLm J r r > 4 ^ ^J M | 


A A 


c^L. L^v 


J 1^;* J ^ 3 


<uui> J _j J £~~j J ^IU_!j jU 


r Cw I 


a w) 


A A . 


jj r * 1 


a Jm« L 4 j L u Jl. L 


4JLJ J * J 


3 ^r~~ ;>• 


’>4 C , J ,Li« _ • . 1 l « .> 


* (*‘ J ^ U&^J* / * b 

J j -* -t ^ ^ eJ ^ <J 4. U J tlL ^ci5' 4 .1 , P-.X ^5 J JL> l ■ <*> ^ ^‘<.. 4 ’ — t ^ J ^ 


J ^ (j b> 


f*-* LS^t J ^ J J 


«> O 


b (Jj 4 ^ L>" J Ci »J IS' • ^ J^%^» }*> <. 1 | ‘ ^A b m *J» (Jj 4 a ^ 1 * 4 ^ 


X.fe X 


A • A 




J t*>, a.L< 4L< 4,5 \J_w5" 


L* ■ jL - * * - ■ ■ ijj I jut j ji k .J L ^ ■ « »^ ^j ^ — • j » « .> 


a ^ hU 


\S j-^5 4 J bb ^ j ^-^~3 j* 0*~1 ~^tr^ 3 ^ Jr 3 J* ba.-ab — ♦ \S J ^A 


- 95 






^ fj ,»V t y p. 3 y. 4r ^A: ^ ^ * fO*** — * 


~i t 

rr* <^r y.y ' j 'y* 


^ ^ <j Ijk ^.1 j jj Xi» j I j - fc < ) 

( ^ 3 Jt* J- 4 r~~l { <J Jj y*~ <S ^J- 1 , 




f s* I b bM ^> v.». I ^J-~> ^ I — 
^>> ^a La j ai, > I t j^jli ju —*. 


^ (• ^ ^ j* J * 


I I 


^ I ^ff A_*_J I _ 


? jy o *jy-~j f 1 ^ - 


^ jLa 


^ jL 


j jL 


« |<^r* ^ L/* J i J«^r ^ <■ ^ »■>>>- — 

LjiJ it « C—/• v>^ o'"^*" o sJ-J \jr* * V>^ i^itr*“ — 

* c —*^ J-y f* J ~~*~^ 3 J „) ,J 

* 

^JL>- j f -^ -> * ^ ^ L* L> 5 «*-^ ^ 4 ~jlj «j viiL> J Lv ^ L ^ tf 4 JU _d 0 


^ jL 


c c 


? f* J ^.J * J y. v 


La J ii. 


^jy 0 f* cr~ * ^yy^.y? cr- y* — 


y J ! J A-^ L*»*i S ( J-J Ju*->- A-/ <3 J jS 4 &J ^ J 1 at CL^I y~£> ) __ 


r c—i ~ 


A*jk j i La I ii j I ^ I a5" L-i — 


(y** c^i*J Vrr- ^ 4 J AV e c — 1 ,j-^ ^ _ 


^ J»-A 


^ Jl_» 


- 96 - 






l ^ y Vr- J 4 jy • c *~' 1 ^ 4J**~ 3 

^ I v* » i « Ij ^ ^ j5” « JL j I J ^j>m« L <) j 15^ *■—■. « * • v * -. «»«.ci 

^4 ^ ^ j I J Cl—J J 4 J^> 5 "*w> LkS* 4 ->-yJ*- ^jA —« 


Ow ' —A JL Lc» 


• ^ *4* u^j ^*“ ^ ^ J [ j* J l -—-“j J u-”^" J !j o - * f* v>** — ♦ <J J ^ 

#» 

j 4 L5" *->>>• ^ * c/i^ ^ ^ >4* ^ *? ) 

* ^r. J Li * o’* ^ 'J* 4 

y 4 ?. J 1 J Jrr* *■?* j ^ J 1 lA* " L r> 3i “ uAA — 

? A. v * J Jf* 4 -T ^*-4 ^*->- « f ^ * J Jf 4 £_* J V>*“ Cr* — 


V 


^ - 


»* •»* 

4?. J J V * ^ * Cx} *4 ^ o*** — ♦ u£ J’-* 

T «J £ Jb -fe I y>- J»4 O' y** iJ —— » ^ 


:.t 


? A. ^ 0=« <* 


y\j* < V_--w 


o^y 

^-y 0 -*“ Cr» 4 

_ I ^ J 1 JA 

r 

JL> ^ ^ J 4 ym 

- t JLi4> 

•• 


♦ . J * J 4 -* Jt * 

— . d_« JL>< 


r c. 


^ J ^ Lfc 4 _}-<• _J J £y~* > < J 1^/5 * of ^ 

« ju j jLc 4 ^i O'* 4 —- » *'^ 4 .> " 

? ^ 3 ^~^ ^—■_} J-*** ^ J U A I jj»«-» 4 u/ t_£ J ^ * •* 

f4.it 4 JL JJ » Jxi Lu JL/ JA js V—• li i ^mtA ^J L> — t ^ J ^-A 


- 97 - 





e wL> 


J L r • f J Q* 


juiL 


I A | * 

V ^ /*> 1 — • 


y L dm*.+. t ^ j 


v'^i u -' 


I v_- y- ^-L-i- o^jy^j Ot 1 — • i 


.L, 


I J v*/ ^A L»# ^ JL-A *A* 


,IJ 


~r J-*" u~* 


-: 


J J 


Lw L» >S^j-[ |-k j*J* *“7* '^4'. f~ k !. A mmm * ^ 


jLb 


? JL j J J (J'T* ^A a y-b* L f — • Cl* J->w»-^ 

^._fi> JL* J m ^^‘ L«» > ^ » CL« i 1 J ^ ^=> ^ jJ Ll>* — ♦ ^ J Lb 

#» 

4 Jj I Jl^sj I, C_* J_»^i_w JJ Jj yA ^ Li aSj I JI I «- ■ ) _i J Lb 


!_•«_>• Clj ^j~A • ( »-L'-A i 


Lc> 


'j y° 


J 7 i ^ L 


I ^ u I. 


L-_>- c 


•j y° 


JL w L^Xi •_ i 


J >. V-P" <u - ft> < fi**** 


JL_>- _ i ^ j Lb 


J^ ! Jl* ^7 C*» «■< ® Al <.. ® J& J Lb aS" ^ L*L ^ ) — o J., --t ■'•»» ■*- ^ 


O' 


L--< jl <j-« I ^L-'lL « ( x_^u« 


® *-ic* <• ( JL j S l* a j ^ j L** jl ..*_>- dw l— L*l>- ci^ j L 


L | * ■* *' ^ A ^X»<i^f C -fc-i. «*l t ^ J ^ ^ J 7»wy ) * L J-fcww ^ J } L> 


o'" J ^ J J J £-* j *. >*■ 


j <i. jla ® j I 


>*^r > ‘ j- J ^r* J ^r** O 


J V>^ O^J y-~J (>rJ ^ 


^A ‘ 


- 98 - 




|> CpwL ^ L C* ■»«.., JL « Cmv I jjjjl 


j j j Ia U 

f**-*?? j ^ j ^ L; ^ jj j cL 

cxJ i— — \ s U*-A 


• c ~“' 1 j . 

crj 

« Cm. 1 U-^>- 

ji,U Ji. Ux.l jU jUL 

[ J* J u^~.. — ♦ 

Vocabulary 

Jf 

✓ 

desire, wish, 

ticket seller 


inclination, ten- , > 

j jjj 

admittance 


dency 


O 0 .A J*^ 

to eat, to take 

about 


to have a liking for . ' 

clean 

l _P-^ w5 c/t* 

to like, to wish 



J^A 

last year 

<4 Li ^ 

program, schedule 


o'A 

expensive, dear 

f'~ 

supper (dinner) 


4L/ C1m«« 1 Xm 

/ 

it depends upon 

o J >^ 

to make a difference 

V, 



4^ L.15” 

barbecued 

dJL«v ^ 

hungry * 



4 jjS £y— 

fried 

c -;>^ ? J J 

in this case 


0 x-U 

to remain, to stay 

vegetable 



food, meal 

<jJ_>-p 

haste 


o J J^ a ^‘ J - 

A» u JbU 

salmon 

to hurry 


Ja-JL 

cr^J Vnr- 

ticket 

mashed potato 


99 - 



to order 


jl^Lw 

waiter 

/ 

jlc^ c_J 

orange juice 

4 uJLfr 

J 

dessert 

sSM 


ice cream 

O J jt**" 


strawberry 

0 Jj 1 JL* 


melon 

L,->- CLjj*a 

/*» 

grapes 

r ^ 

✓ 

' j JLLA 

water melon 


V*- 

apple 


>>■* 

peach 


u** 

pear 


Jk* 

orange 


(V“ f 

grapefruit 



- 100 - 



a drink 

wine 

opinion, belief 
bottle 

to inform, to tell 

to call 

bill, check 

tip 

cheap 






LESSON XXV 


O V * 

? ^-M jl JjS 1-1/ jl 4jji> JL jjL/ 4 -kj JL- bw llwj J J I 1 

LI t < v —' ^ bj b—»j j j I j jl < I ^ 0 l L> y j ^ buj Ll L _ T 

? _jL Ip buj ^->- L % x> j S * + j buj Uw I 
y # jl Lw L-«i ij bjb-«j j jl — r 


? ^a« jS/ 4jjp-?- I j L^i L. t » f jl j I j L. fr« — i 

^A $ Jx* J CL I^jJJ•* J ^51 j JL J L j JLL l^iv Cj JL j C ^jfL* J 

« JL S <u I—jl u-r ^ o-i 4*. 

j-*-* JL L> i< l» pS->~^ 6., ) e JUST }~*** ^ ^J «>■ »»«a A — 1 

9 JLLS' J a xJb ^ ^J «J ^A l j-*-* CI-5_j J J — ( • ^ J y£ 

^ I/ -^ ^ b> I « L-j L ^ (j,-* ^ j »-6- -S ^ ^ *-la jl !->■ I ^-0 L» ^ 151 ^Lu 

$ J^I ^A L bb ^4 L CLLmm e ^ J d5^ C -.««| I Ijf* j L*a 

Lw« ii* L tf->-^ j a 5" L>w L c . -»J ^ o Lb« L j ^ ^ u>”^ ^'■** ^ — T 

U JL^ j ^'i/L LoU>~r o*y- f ' x ~^ uP *-** c —-* 

JLA JL *J L>-J 0 -. Li ^ U f ) « « « « j- 4 J JUjZ ** p ^ L L 

( * L-i* *j l>“* O ^ ^ ^ 

yLL^ ^ju Ia pj>~ Ju Ij *a j ( L^'Ll ) Ij ( ^)LLI ) La j^» < i * l» «J > —r 

0 ^j* Ss - J^' 4_i 


- 101 










Co ^* 4 ^ bxb ^j *S C 4*5 ) 4 ^ 4 ^ ^;b?-l ^a b* ^'b»- 

• r^c>*V-*- 

£ Jbfc li^ 3b* « Jj~l C. U ja xL CiX>' j-w ^ tl*»j J j-*-a ^s ^ 

« ^S.‘a ^j^ju Ij ^ jl~*_>- ^ liil f w i . T wx, ^ b—1^ ^ ju*> ^ lif* b bf* 

I ♦. i t . C tj) 3b j I JLw ^1 <JU J~ n " * b ■» 1 ^J b, J* 4n ? ' ^««X 


-t 


_0 


r C—~! jj^ > -v~ j J b*“ — —b J ^>>- ^ — |»4 y~j*~ 

5 d_> '—^J iJ j-& a 5" (_{ j»t>u <JL_l5' ^_*»w X JUlv ^A4 4^'i j I JL^ —»1 

JL* I d J -*» y— •* -* ^ b j ^ £) I » JL^S" ' «■> > » * 9 3ix 

4 x»5 ^>w«j^ia y^-*« b <x-wkT 




? JL^~J c, L-15" ' ^* ’ *J5" jj ij 


*S bj j j L...j J ^j~tri J-^* <-L"j*i** b.i^* — . i 


- ^ r.. i*' , - 

r+* y-^ j J o* 


<j~«Jl 5" f d_l_, 


X-X L u—Ls I ji-A j I ^ c dix I b j cL j jj 


? u L ui o i o-j- ^ 0-J5" b>w 


/b 


;UjJ" L 


<cJ6 


br* 


**jr j b 


9 jj U_*x_** I ji j^. j c. US' cj> 4^15^ ji L>»^ 

u”^ « U J b_>- j ^ 15^.**. j y^A «zjq U_jt a«J5^ j J 

9 J>4** J I o- Is I Aa^S j: b>w ,j I ^ 1 ^ 


102 




'if Lw j l j ^ <cJlT ^*4/ <j->-^ j b J^ ^ 


>-• '/-^ ^ 


y - * 


Jii. . j^U'Jl^-l 

’ O * J/-" J \$J~ t J *JK^ J *5^— 

« u -» Sj-toj** j \&j*~ 




«r* j 




y 


? J^u>44 ^ L^44« I ^5 I 6 + JS 4J> JM+9 I ^ L CL ^->- J J 1^4 

♦ }L« <J^ <* ..«< h - i CL.** I J ^Sjm/ <-*J5 ^■>■«■ > I j I ^11 ^ CL l_>-j J 1^4 

yljL—l < u- 1 ^ G^aP s** * ^* 4 ^ j-~ 

• -* U'”* 

Vocabulary: 


v l jl 

etiquette, rites 


side, party 


how? 

Cf ,j 

clear 


party 

3ii» 

for example 


guest 

U_a 

u 

same 

jjL— J 

instruction, direction 

cl^L- 

trip, travel 

C. w3 

Instructions, directions^j 

rank, degree 

JlJu 

useful 


position 


- 103 




persons 

V 

excellency, treshold 


corporal 


sublime, exalted 

(cJ£' ) <e£ 

point, distinction 


sublime treshold 


to observe 


presence 


health, state, 
condition 

sublime presence 

Ol/ 

noble, excellency 


.excellency 


honorable, respected 


lieutenant 

uU 

# / • 

party, side 


captain 

w’Uwl 

this party (I) 

J Ar- 

major 


chief 

'-fi> j-~* 

colonel 


general 


brigadier- general 

C.L>y J 

ranks, degrees 


marshal 


warrant officer 


sergeant 

J 4i4.w < 

yes, sir ; J 

yes, your excellency 

< «-L 

yes, sir 


- 104 - 



3 


3 S' ury- 


,LT 


Jj 3 J J *-• C -*^ L>-^ 


O ***■ 



jL JL>- 4->w 

J~ J J 

^USl- jbil j cJ^ 

JJ JLyJ_>- ^ ft / ^w»«AJ 

JJ JuJj 

j ^ ^ Jj j ji; j J 

^ J J J 

*J O c j- J J J 

jjy-3 J J 

' JJ _j J ^ 

LT/' 

fear 

jj j 

thief 

O ‘■Kr-J 5 

to be afraid, to 

fea jijj j 

to steal 

*>>*" 

pool (water) 


division 

0 

to fall 


fight, war 

oUb 

suddenly 

o Jl ^-^ 

to fight, to quarrel 


word, letter 

( ) >r 

as, inasmuch as 


advice 



nit >— 5 J~>- 

to listen to 

j J J 

quarrel, fighting 


one’s advice 




- 105 - 


LESSON XXVI 


^ L/~ ^ ^ J 


( C. U _>L ^-1 ^r LJ Oj *-*-• <L J/-' ^ .V *- 5 ** 


#• 

? j.j.'f** , IX> •j>j- l r ju^ ^ t» l t 

— •• d V • •• •* 


3L 


#• 

j ^4 * ll' ^-1 * j ? c-m/ ijjl 5> U-i L*» < _£ j Lft ^ U l < 

f JL ^->w J—& \ y^~» 4 yS _ • J U& 


uL^> ^ *j j j* ^ * ^«L — » i L * <-> 


JL—£ C <C—£ I J < 115 JL L*V • ^<J-—— 4J L*~« ^ ^ _J^ — « jJ J 


ft AK 


■» jl J U^jl < <1 — i JL*> 


^ ^ j* J (*J^ *-? O^.^* — * * 


? • J ^ ^ «>J 1 JJ L <*- +*- a ys — , 


^ j kJl$j> ^ 4-^ 4 j ^ <-l ^ # ^ j ^ ^ j ^S' \^j m ' j^" m 4? ai * ^ «-U—*-c- ^ 


® w ^ 4 4 L ^ .*! * I v . 4^1. 


( -~L JL*" I*' 1 


J — 


wi- J^/ ^ ^ ^«L i ^ ® wL ^ ^ J ^ b^M/ wLjb JL/ ^J ^ ^ —— 4 ^ 


• jLo5^ jj ^->w4 ^ ^ d h5* ^w/ ^ 


l-J_& * o l. 


-5 c '-**+% v - "J 


#» 

J» ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^J~L ^ *4 d ^ 4-L ^ J J J ^ w lX *4 I J 4 3*15^ )_ J 


4 JL 1 >4.1 


; ^y>- -Av J * l>~J c —- * 


- 106 - 




f J L -A j *-> — I * 

^r.* 4 |- j 1 ^ c ~— j J f* 4 ^r*“ * c —*~ V y*~ u* vi ^ J ^>4» — ♦ *0*->* 


? «-L' ^ ^ J O J^MlS !_>• 


• *A« ^ ^ tU < ^j t lJ-krf ® ^~lt Lrf <0_j! ^ J O^ 1 * ^ L>- _ « < I \m‘*M Jj9 


i jut u jl>. ->^^» _: 


. w 

^ j~i c ur.* rV <, to-^* o** 


® » .*■■*■*»> JL_£b JU 

I .... 




I U. l i j-<» 4 j I JL I ^ ^ JLw 


y lo»* • jy^ * ^ y.) t*oi ^Jn-o -> ^ *-£> o t# * 




^ L - » , 1 *4. >■ 


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• J jy^^t ^A ^ Lo*> U Sj j*' ^ ** '* ■ “ ’ ^ >^Q -O _>- — • O ^ 

#• , 
x ^ *>>■ */-' * «J-i to ,j \p p * *oL. (~y 4 ^ Of.^ j * |- 

*• 

? C l -. »«i> I *-L»-> <* 3 i 5 ^ I I ( JL** ^-4 ^ ^ ^ ) 


'—-^- . 'ri — • 4 >OOi.j ^ 


. Y5”^ ^ | 0-~> 0 Ot 1 -* Or* * c ~“ 1 J 0-4-*" J X.’ J — * 


? jl j i wL ^^ o 


cA^ -? 


W/ 

r _jjL ^J-O- o >5" orr.^o.?- t p j* J ooJ 1 r '/? — • * ooij ^ 


« jl L# U 


- 107 - 








<1 c—5 jLj ij^ c— cr'.y*’ 4 ^ u*J O* Jr^- 1 . ~~° ^ 

&J 3 */; pj *^3-j jkj ji+S c —^ ! ; 0 '^>u"3->- ^jj} — o 4 

. ‘ ju* wiJ^ I^j •* j )lj j £j~ ^r. ^ 3 ji~~* *-»-~ 

* Jj-'L *~> i < k'* j c -~ l *S < ^y** 3~^ ~ * a ^ > “ 

’ -» ^ J 

^■Ij^l «^iS" <iL <— 3iji ® I a5" x^L 42-iJ j ^,-JL —» * 


JlA ! ^ ^ 


!*-*>»■ u~.) j * ^ j* J >*“ • p^s* 




p* • 


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^ < W > » ^ f ^w-# 


* -XJ-Vj-V--- ^ ) (f _j ^ 

^.. J 0 f* 


X i ’ wL 


* 


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v-Ti W’**-** J 


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*_L __ J 3 J La 


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€ Xcv L*^ ^<4-i*/ ^j ® -L- ^ I * >S^+ ^ Lj^ tf JU^»ww wLj5^ Cm «■<*■«> J ^ j ^ —» 0 ^ • \ • *J 


9 j Lwu ^> ».i « > *J <* v«k^ kJL<^ ^ J L*4 


r 5 ^ 


J 4j <* 4~<?Ls+^£i _ 0 


J- 1 ^ ,u -' 1 JL^S s^j j JL JLjL _ : < X'-i_, y 


Xu L Lw m * *J *3 j ' vL 


J 


J Li ^ *5 l*4 


- 108 T 





jlj> c 

▼ M 


^ ^ ^JLi- f *JL _ o JL*^j>- 


* j J ^ j ^ j ^ j J ® j Cj«> ^ ^ ci-^^i 1 4 wLm!j ^ 


• r* 


* ( pt-A 4 ) (* ^ * i -4 4 j*^ *,; *-* J < v a -L-»- ♦ ^*->~ 

p. ->' J f* V-A v'a*? ^ a t^ laJ |*J^ '£j&. J j-z? — » 4 X'-~j/» 


^1 J 1,5" 4j I ■ < ‘ L V_ 1^*- 4_J _ J 


J j»r. J * ^ 0 ^ L^iJ t*) 4_< ^o> ^— 4 ^ t jl y S ? j^ia_>- 0 I jl j% — % 4 uj-* t .j 


0 C. 




^ L*j • 


^u u jj w.i ^x> ( J ki^buiy/ r 'i fc u-i _: jl^ 

* c^ ,JJ cJ ^ C, *J*A 

? JU j ® J p> 'i ^ ♦ «.» L> ^ ( JLw>^»«i >4 ^ <J La ^ ^ d JU-. >„j 


4r. «>' 


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( c "r ,-£ 3 , ^ ^ 1 ^ 4 ',/•-* uM ) ;J 1 x J.* j* J >*“ ^ ^ !j " cA 


f—Ar* 


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* '• a ^~A j*i J -*-r 


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a I . a 




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**? uP^ti — ♦ 4 


I 


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J 1 J -*-; f* 4s* 0 - ^ %)x (■ J* J J.* l>* f f4*^f 'j O-'J W — « 

* j* ^ > * < - j ^ 


1 *>4^ -' 4 ' x ^*y 


? jl ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^ x L L l tf |^^*44 ^ ) «L-> — o ^ j Ijb 


JX j ^ »J^ ljjk *4 ^ ^ 0 J* ^ 9 ( |i ^ * ^ >4 ) ^4*h ^ «4 —» ♦ 


J J J J C—? «>- '—^i^j l^.t- ^ ^->- J jy& ^w I j J — o ^ J L& 


f J 1 f* C **J*^ 


. JL 




J-l* "-> ^ 4 clJI _ 


Ij; JJ-> L* * ^5) ^»w* 


lu-*>. ,JL 


>- u-l 4ju 


o>? — • X J '-& 


J— - X b>w ^ ^ b J^j :L 4 J uJL^ 


1 ® J^w y£y>~ j k_.jjL b. 4 Jlj l—^>- ^X->- — « J ■»^ 


f j-» L» jj b«jj> ^ j ^ U 


y—■' J LL l_5 ^^5" s “'^ »< Sw J-'«-L • '-L L*« ^^yi- *)-*_>& ^) I f 4_L> — o ^ J 


Ijb 


( Jl L#w } J jy>**> LJ 4 ^ Jl < <j S L-. b>JL ^ 


~LL 


j «c 


-XlJ ? c~J .J 


l/T. - 


( J jy>^~^ ) JL L. 


110 - 







*i)r. ^ | •trtrt-: » j. j$-3z+ u -^->- J* — 

• < J i- 4 r^" * ( J J < ViL • JL I 4 *_. I _»w‘ I 

*■“ ^ ' 4 ~*-' - • ^ " •!■»«> ^ (_/**^ Cf* w5 *>— b ^jr~^ 


T JL .• 

•• r 




^ ^r. j ,j ( -J^ f* ->A. J JtHT *t.' • f«; ,J -’ j-J ^ * 


( >*- t ^ J ^ I JL’ ^ j ^ ^ ( c* ~ » J J 


^ ^ ji> ^4 ^ t**»->» JLu^U ^1* 4 


• ^ 


r 


#• 

*—' p J ^ J l -Xj->V b ^ ^ L ^ ^ bl5 ^4-ft mmmm * 4 j3 


j jj ij~> t j j * jjj L * ji 


^S~+ ‘w— L*^». j 3 <> *j l_ow ^ j*' _j 

#» 

? JL_ft J >■«,■ —>^v L ^5 ^ ^ — i jj J 1-A 


r * 


j^3 J 3 J u>-^. I ~^. 1 


. ji j 


~^yj> w t ^ j~v mmm * ^ wL#*-*xj 


_>^ Cri * ^ J j ^ J «^'*r ^“‘- > ‘ j^3 J 3 J -^ , o-^J 


<3 j* J 


^ ♦ .,* c> ^« « «. * ^ ^ j 


? JJU_> AILS rjA l ^— (-**-»- « «., .« ^«JL.>* - • ^ 


jL 


• ..» *4 ^ *J ^1-C' ^ ^-4 » U L«*l_>» —• 4 4 ^ jS 

t" ■ --•■• «iL>- wl ^ 3 j ^3 4 ^ cr ^ ^ *• ' ^— • JL^->- 

t■».* '! < 3L*> ^2> Ij ^ ^3*~ 4 3 4s .-3 a &- *~ J (j_j^ * j ^3 ^ 

• JI J 


111 



L ^ j 5 J 6 u y j J L^a ^ Jua ° ^y+* ^ JL.»• — ♦ * ji 

f JL j I j6u« j-~* ^ U- 

C—u/ j L>- l ^ < *^L < « j ^ ^ j&^ & »■£ jp ^/* * — • ju*->" 


? Ji aJ^i JLA <->■ 1 a .J?- ^ J Lfe ij»’ L> ! a ^»5L« 

_j <315^ ^l >* C—ah j V L>- ^ j ^a ,jj-* 

» ( JL ^ S - - « < aLL> * j jXj ) Jd« « ^JL ^ j* C .<» > .. L ^A ^^>wk« 
V JLW - W ^ ^ L4JJ ^ C— AH J 


— . S J 'a 


^*jl 1 Ll*h^ j I 'Ur^ ^ y*~ * cJti 4 (J ^ ^ — * * ' LJ<< ._J 

« Ju< « »jL 

LJ ^ j j* F “' ^ J ^ J i*** ^ • JL ^»Lh I^ LLj 15* j_^h J JLw l *jSu _ % j? J Lto 


jl* <J L*»a ,j-J t Jj j _jLw t-i- ^a jL 



—O 0 4 JLMWj ^ 


<J 


jb J>>- 


J j. J ^ /A < ^‘>U* u -b-»* — *v^ J *A 


♦ J^U 




9 JaiL>- 


— 0 ^ JL-Jt, jjj 


112 




«j!jJ size, measure j<- > 

mistake cJ*lj 

ij'ijS <L^il to make mistakes^ j 

0 j/ 0 Uu» to try c.!^ 

<j»F mirror ji, 

gray 


jL£ large 


p-U 


inclined, desirous 
quality, material ^ 


gl ove s 

ease, comfortable 
to wear (on hand) 
necktie 

like 
along 
objection 
means, cause 

trouble 



customer 

4A JLo 

taste 


reduction 


selection, election 

^ jl j 

to reduce j j^S\ r U£,l 

to select, to elect 

/ 

J* 5 

acceptance 

v5w* 

of a pretty color 

U J A Jx* 

to accept 


enough, suffiecient 

SY 

at least 

V 

formerly 


equal, times 


box ( usually made of 
carboard) 

CJu>- 

pair 0 J J Y 

\ 

1 Jt 

to come ( very polite 
form) 


- 113 - 


LESSON XXVII 


OJSr. ^ *>* SrJ J J l> j, A u*y J /*■? uJ ^ 4t^’ 


JL 1 j vJ jy^ v—lto j Ji 

*?*£*■' 

j J 4.S" 

V )->• f ^ 


Jj>>-b^— ^Sj b a*^ c-. 

.>- ® _j 

JbJ b»< 

•• • 

dr* J J ->J-J J ^ 

X b 


« JL_A wL 

-.1 jl 

C« jJ Lm4w JLu J 


» X-tL a^bj « 

wL. 4I b 

•• • 

JL Lw 

« JL^u> L aJjj 

JL b 


• O^l OJ /?? ^bj *>* L>t* J J 

« x~ib *x»j >JJ J~r. “ x t.^“' u -^^» ,5 *>* .jri* j J 


• 

‘V^b 0-? ^bj 

wJ ‘■b 

® Jb*H« L 

w/-V^ a r. 1 '^'u' ?l -^ w-bJ _j 

uJ ^ 

a JLw lw 

u/-? ^ ^T.b" U - ^. W”bJ 

wJ ^ 

» J^Jtb 4^3 J J^, 

j; *>» otJ j a a».bj jLb 

OJ ^ 

4 b^ « xl 

* J jy^~ b jm ? JL 1 4 Jjb^-*» 

U 


? aJ 4 bj~ ** v* 1 * 

° J -J * J jy*~ b^~ u w j j • aJ - ^ j 

a 4 ^jy*~ b^-w <u>cmJ ^ j 

* ^ a J ~b^ u> ^ « jljU- jja« ,j 

o J_^ b* (JS - ^® J ^ Jjj J JJ-> JL L 


- 114 - 


* X u Lu j j x L x ^ d x* « u b 

» j-jL- J js+ j j a-L J j>>- rfj *- 


♦ Xuw _j-+* j x Xu L/ c » 4 w I 4 wUtj > ^ b j b^- 4 w b 



9 X ^ 4W *•—*^J>* 3^*4 ^| 

bJU b 

JLw Uj 

M • 

J J-* 

J J **jj J 

J-J> 


4 XbXb X 4L# 1 X ^ j ^ ^ju b 

4 XJb JU 

•1 • 

4.1 jl 

A 

9 XJb JU 

4^ 1 J 1 

q JL'Jt> XU 

44 ^ X ' C*^> Lw»^ 0 XJ6 JL/ 

4^1 ji ^ 


• JLJb 

JL 4.1 jl J^X 


^ a r J ; 0-5^ o J, .X <r-f L> J kX ^ ^ ^ *>* ex' J J W 

•» 

4 J ^i< > « •<< ^u ^ X u %»> « ^u bi ^ J L-^>> ^X->j 

? XU JL* *■• L/^j J ^ X ^S* i J^-X-^# X b^jb JJ j* ^ J Lwu *J ^ X 4 J 

. I JJ Ljj ; jX' *J->- * «- ; 

a X' J I <J ^_sL ^ - -*-A ^Ji> Lft J lj 

lj L y Ju£ JLft I y^~ U_ji=> * y& 1 Jjj *S JJ J t J y±* ®-A y~ J \j ‘-—£- J » #JL 

a JL j L JL£» ^ y^ *-> 

? XJ j£ t^C.1 yjlj ’/■?• 

c~~jj ty» c-ljyJc 4 * j j yj'j j;Uj--i- v_UpI -Xj. 1 ^ ^ 

L j5 J <->L* C-L 4 J u w I^A ^ Ldj-AJ*. a X_U' j J 

0 JJ I 4 JjZ 4 Lj-*i I Ll*» j*£) J_jJ“ i-( r^ * Jj*-' O ^.X 


- 115 - 




;I 4 



^ir. 

< L^tl 

#»• 

r^ 1 

1 L-i 

^ (Jr*“ 

f 4lL 


& Llj* I t 4JuJ I 


« Lw«> I » ■*- * -& Jl. * —w ^ ^ j ^ 

bv L L-u ^ ^**^ 0 V-/t!» ^ ^ J wJl-^ 4 ^ o ll l ^%*> ^ 

4 c *~ * f^+ j V>^ ;>^ ^x 1 ^ '>* f J X 4 a “ c/ 4 

#» 

* vj^ ^ dc ^ uA I ^ LJ tw ^ ^3» ^ L-1 f c;. <*»> ^ iii -** ^ d € 

4 j-y-x 4 j-Jr. 4 ^ ^ x* 0 O?.* ^-x 1 J^ 4 * 1 V*? 4 * 

4 ^ w) ^ ]_< ^ ^ I £ 4^ 

JJ 4 ^ Cx* (XJ^ .> J o ,J ^ Cx 1 a i*-4 y o^-^ 5 ^ 0*A CrJ lA 

l ^ Ju 4JL La» 

^ »• #• 

.c—1 u -f ^L«! j u,-^* v-i*- 1 cm* '>* • 4*^’ * «-‘ 

CX* 4 ^ 4 *. ‘ y^. ®_}-’X 4 4 JUJSi 4_>- ^ t -- q « f y~— 

* j» ' 4 *J^ ^ J ^ 4 v ^*" * Jl^-!L>w * O. -■ J L 4 J ^JuJ I5* 

J-A» ^l_>. 4S wLj 5 j ,» , < ^» _3 J-I^lj^ (_, ±~y*l ji C— J J^\yi~ 


4 ^x } kX> ft ; J ^ ! ->- * ^^x 4 w? J-i j; J^aj ^1 ^ j j ,c 


LJ * > juj^ 


u-v J 


*'“ V® ^Xr*“ ^ L*~LJ Jjl wJ jlj^ '->y*- 

9 i j L ■■ V^—<i J>» 

f^vh* ^ M u 4 ^ ^ r. x^ -x ^ 1 ^ ^ ' V>»* 


- 116 






• '-~ > A ^ 


A*-? ^A^Ll ij-'J * St. J A 


A , 

•* • ( 


w-y- j *- jj ^ C-J r J ^ ^L»- f C_~ • yy- ^-L; 


A. J 


jj ; 


u • 


J A i>AA J J J J J f 


JJ J 


» p _5 ^ O ^ ^ *A*' ^ v */ 4 .5 X » ^ «< x 5 ^>- 4 ^A li 'J / t ^ ml . 
^ ^ —5 j J dw ^jX»4 Jb<« C ^ >. 1 « X C»^> IT ^ bj jJ I * \ij I JL 


• JuX' 


A L~. ^>,1 ^ J Ij ^-4-i U' W ^ J '-* ^ '“- 


{*** *>=S^ vj 4 (_A 


Ju^ k. w J Amt L< J fr o r ^ L tS J - m ^l * -O J f Jj ^ J 


I I - • 

f y 


L>sX L jX J X l 

»**»</•• M 


^ij st w l, -*“f ^ j .^ 5* L ^ x_j <j-l L A * (*^*“ 


^ uA- 


? j/ 


A 


• d—«. I \S jSb t <cl J I 


I** •** J j* {* jA j {s£t 4 j ^ AA *~j* b*-* *A ^ l st f* <Aj 


^A Jl *4 ^ ^ iX— I l. _,, * < ^ J- - A ^^ s * v ' ^ * 


C J 


V < 


JL *-j sZJ -A • J . Z^uS U ,. ^> .. L . . i-« 4- A L *S X_A X 

• > ^ • M « W *• • »* • 


urttPs' ‘V A ? 1 1 j 


f. 


,A vx 5 ^ 


^A X ^ ^ ^ «Xk ;’ Ji ^ ^ J ^ I J 


- 117 - 




• ^ Ox) ‘V , >r uf***lj 

«c—_J j.J ^ J^ 4 uP-** 1 -? J ^ ^ • c ~~~ -£/£?■ 

? X-A Om j->->- ^J+j ^S 1-/ ^ 

« ftSt* r j y* ^ j-*^ 4 O*^ J* ^ ^J* 

* Jjy^ | y^~ ^ ^ j-> \jt~y^" ^ ^ ^»*w ^ l**» > ..j\-yj j ^ 

y JLu^ C *—> » ’ y~*~**. & ^— yJ>~ ^ ^_>- ^ ♦■ <* * u3>.<a' ^-'_A ^ y^ ^yjyn tS ^ j ^ 

» •Jy^.'Jj C J j y>- ^ j*+* t ^ » V ^5 L» ^y^ 

y ^ y < m i— y>- j* Jyj ■« 4^-y> V— "y^~ ^ J ^ ^ w L> *I». ^ I J >A » 

^ l*J^ J >-r^ c —' 1 (• J ^ ^ t/*-* X 'Jr J A; 

J ^.jy^. J ^ j% v ^ '**■' ^ ^ ^ * x,L fJ 1 jd y j J 1 ^ * «-* 

0 ^^* " *• . ' . 4 **^* y^~ (j; i->- ^ ^ j3 J J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ » ju jS ci^>. ^ I 

^y. ^ ^J~ > “ ^ 4 -'~ J ^‘ « ~ U ^ J jj < ^~~y>- u X->- 


« 



- 1]8 




Vocabulary: 




^•l,L (^U ) 


t>-'^ 



J jl Jl! ji I 


4 '^P J 



j& 


top coat 


raincoat 


umbrella 


storm 


stormy 


result, consequence o 
issue, conclusion 

plural of 

J 

to result, to produce 
a result, to be useful 

resultful, 

useful 

resultless, 
vain 

useless, 

It is useless, vain or 
futile. 

^ 'j 

to conclude 

, to deduce 

What is the 

use? 

1* ‘ 'jrjr* j 

in consequence of 


jtSi\ 

a thought, 
anxiety 

idea, 


thoughtful, 
intellectual 

thoughtless, 

inconsiderate 

offhand 

mental 

thoughtlessness 
to think 
deep-thinker 


Just imagine? 

I cannot think 
of it. 

I did not think 
of it. 

plural of 


- 119 - 



/ 

y ) y 

o 

4 J 

jj Lj-~ 

u jjL 
dl/U-l 

O CL^>-• 
C^ 

o J Acfj 

oV 

-J jl 

^ jl J 4^1 jl 

y 

o' 


negligence y* 

An interrogative 
word introducing 


a question put 

to catch cold 

forth by one who 
hears a remark 

attacked by cold 

that is contrary 
to his previous 
understanding or 
knowledge. 


cold, chill 


? ^ 4 Juj ^S-e 

Is he still alive? 

frost bite, numbness, 

(i.e ., I thought 

nip 

that he was dead, 
but as you say. he 
must be alive.) 

to stay 



heed, attention 

rest 


(j 

to give heed, to 

to rest 

pay attention 


removal, lifting, 

abolition w*Jc change 


to remove, to cure, 
to remedy 


to refresh oneself 


continuation 


to continue 


completely, wholly 


study, obtaining 


to study, to get 

intense, violent, 
strong, severe 



changes 

oJ J J 

to turn out, to 
come out, to prove 


especially, 

specially 

c~U; 

end, extremity 

,u- ^ 

extremely 


trace, sign, 
effect 


certainly, surely 


- 120 - 


CK'J' 


JbU^l 


J £ J O » 




4JU L. 



U-Zr** 


o-* 

j^S" 


v w JL J 


henceforth, from 
now on 


j*>- good news 
cLi doubt 


caution, precaution, 
care 


you are right 


to take precautionary 
measures 

. 

u 

truth 


successful 

m y 

care 


•*/ 


^ y / 

4j>-y to take care 

j / • 

expecting, waiting, 
looking for 


history 

precedent, previous 
record or knowledge 

to stop, to desist 

sometime 

wet, soaked 

to take off, to dig, 
to pull out, to engrave 

ship, boat , 

j 1 j 


-irr 


to arrange, to 
make arrangements 


Cairo 

part, share, place 
interesting to see 
arrangement, order 


- 121 


LESSON XXVIII 


? C'. <«I 5 /* ^ (Jj LJ 

0 

— • *5j l J s~ 

eC -“ V>*“ 

-■ f '. 

? JljSl^iJ ^y>-yZ. ? ( jx. ■«*-£> ijr* y>- L ) x.-£_j>- L uf-*** ® j ^ 

— ♦ ^ J 1 J^— 

. ^ jJ-L u Xj- 4 S cxJ jj j j;J • 

- : f'•> 

f wL j ^ J Lm*5^ « 

— * ^ ^ 1 

* j* ^ t «|r ^ wL‘ 5^ *4 tJ^ w) ^JL>- ^ ^ ^ jl*4brf 

-: f ', 

V JL j ^ «-) L ^ 

— ♦ ^ j 1 J < ^-““ 

• ^ ^ J ^ 1 X L-W JJ ^4 ^ L 

-: r <. 

? ol< ^ 4 *)/ *x> ^ ^ 

— * * J „r*' 

* j* ® ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^■■ s » 4 * j - 

. -: f '. 

V ^5" j cL cjx xjb L ^ 

0 1 

— 0 ^ J * %J ^U> 

« xx.* ^/* < ^" *J xL ex* 1 j ^L> J L»» *_L 

-: r ', 

? x ^ J ^JsC ,/ J ^ ^ J ) xLi^, U 

♦ 1 

— • J> j’ J /—’ 

« 4r"** J J ^ < *J 

- : r '. 

^ j* <* 0 ^ y. '^yy*‘ xL ,_^« X-ft lj->»^* 

0 I 

— 0 1 Jj*» 

? Xj! J 0 -*>- cLi LI . o>~* o^H*" * «xJI 

-■■ f '. 


122 






^ ^r . k . *~^ i J ^■^ i ”” * v^ j ^ *Jj 


-W? j^j^* -?^0 ^ O^*-® **■£■** ^ J J—« 




I *» 

y c—i a^> y ? ^.j^j <>*“ 


- • <• '-> 


U-i Jj-u- j 1 ^H 1 U J_5 Jt ; <l>w ' x ~.. 3 r. _J* cA* ^ — J^jlj/-* 


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